diff --git a/branches/candidate/00Abstract.tex b/branches/candidate/00Abstract.tex
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@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+\begin{abstract}
+
+In a IoT environment, many devices will periodically transmit data. However, most of the data are redundant, but sensor itself may not have a good standard to decide to send or not. Some static rule maybe useful on specific scenario, and become ineffective when we change the usage of the sensor. Hence, we design an algorithm to solve the problem of data redundant for IoT devices. In the algorithm, we iteratively separate a data region into some smaller regions. Each round, choose a region with highest variability, and separate it into four regions. Finally, each region has different size and uses its average value to represent itself. If an area has more dynamical diverse data, the density of regions will be higher. In this paper, we present a method to reduce the file size of thermal sensor which can sense the temperature of a surface and outputs a two dimension gray scale image. In our evaluation result, we can reduce the file size to $50\%$ less than JPEG when $0.5\%$ of distortion is allowed, and up to $93\%$ less when $2\%$ of distortion is allowed.
+
+\end{abstract}
diff --git a/branches/candidate/01Introduction.tex b/branches/candidate/01Introduction.tex
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+\section{Introduction}
+\label{sec:introduction}
+
+
+
+Walking exercises the nervous, cardiovascular, pulmonary, musculoskeletal and hematologic systems because it requires more oxygen to contract the muscles. Hence, {\it gait velocity}, or called {\it walking speed}~\cite{Middleton2015}, has become a valid and important metric for senior populations~\cite{Middleton2015,studenski2011,Studenski03}.
+
+In 2011, Studenski et al~\cite{studenski2011} published a study that tracked gait velocity of over 34,000 seniors from 6 to 21 years in US. The study found that predicted survival rate based on age, sex, and gait velocity was as accurate as predicted based on age, sex, chronic conditions, smoking history, blood pressure, body mass index, and hospitalization. Consequently, it has motivated the industrial and academia communities to develop the methodology to track and assess the risk based on gait velocity. The following years have led to many papers that point to the importance of gait velocity as a predictor of degradation and exacerbation events associated with various chronic diseases including heart failure, COPD, kidney failure, stroke, etc~\cite{Studenski03, pulignano2016, Konthoraxjnl2015, kutner2015}.
+
+In the US, there are 13 million seniors who live alone at home~\cite{profile2015}. Gait velocity and stride length are particularly important in this case since they provide an assessment of fall risk, the ability to perform daily activities such as bathing and eating, and hence the potential for being independent. Assessment of gait velocity is recommended to instruct the subjects to walk back and forth in a 5, 8 or 10 meter walkway. Similar results were found in a study comparing a 3 meter walk test to the GAITRite electronic walkway in individuals with chronic stroke~\cite{Peters2013}.
+
+The above approaches are conducted either at the clinical institutes or designated locations. They are recommended by the physicians but are required to be conducted at limited time and location. Consequently, it is difficult to observe the change in long term. It is desirable for the elderly, their family members, and physicians to monitor gait velocity for the elderly all the time at any location. However, the assessment should take into account several factors, including accuracy, privacy, portability, robustness, and applicability.
+
+Shih and his colleagues~\cite{Shih17b} proposed a sensing system to be installed at home or nursing institute without revealing privacy and not using wearable devices. Given the proposed method, one may deploy several thermal sensors in his/her apartments as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:gaitVelocitySmartHome}. In this example, numbers of thermal sensors are deployed to increase the coverage of the sensing signals. In large spaces such as living room, there will be more than one sensor in one space; in small spaces such as corridor, there can be only one sensor. One fundamental question to ask is how many sensors should be deployed and how these sensors work together seamlessly to provide accurate gait velocity measurement.
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[trim={1cm 3cm 2cm 2cm},clip,width=1\columnwidth]{figures/ThermalAtHome.pdf}
+ \caption{Gait Velocity Measurement at Smart Homes}
+ \label{fig:gaitVelocitySmartHome}
+\end{figure}
+
+In a IoT environment, many devices will periodically transmit data. Some sensors are used for avoid accidents, so they will have very high sensing frequency. However, most of the data are redundant. Like a temperature sensor on a gas stove, the temperature value is the same as the value from air conditioner and does not change very frequently, but it will have dramatically difference when we are cooking. We can simply make a threshold that when temperature is higher or lower than some degrees, the data will be transmitted, and drop the data that we don't interest. This is a very easy solution if we only have a few devices, but when we have hundreds or thousands devices, it is impossible to manually configure all devices, and the setting may need to change in the winter and summer, or different location.
+
+In this paper, we study the data from Panasonic Grid-EYE, a $8 \times 8$ pixels infrared array sensor, and FLIR ONE PRO, a $480 \times 640$ pixels thermal camera. Both are setting on ceiling and taking a video of a person walking under the camera.
+
+In Figure~\ref{fig:gaitVelocitySmartHome}, there are fifteen thermal sensor in a house. If they are Panasonic Grid-EYE, it will have 2 bytes per pixel, 64 pixels per frame, 10 frames per second, and total need 1.7GB storage space per day. If they are FLIR ONE PRO, it generates 5 frames per second but needs about 45KB per frame, and it will need 291.6GB everyday.
+
+{\bf Contribution} The target of our work is to compress the thermal data retrieved from FLIR ONE PRO to targeted data size and keep the quality of data. Nearby pixels in a thermal data mostly have similar value, so we can easily separate an data region into several regions and use its average value to represent it but will not cause too much error. By the method we proposed, the size of file can reduce more than $50\%$ compare to using JPEG compression algorithm when both have $0.5\% (0.18^\circ C)$ of root-mean-square error.
+
+The remaining of this paper is organized as follow. Section~\ref{sec:bk_related} presents related works and background for developing the methods. Section~\ref{sec:design} presents the system architecture, challenges, and the developed mechanisms. Section~\ref{sec:eval} presents the evaluation results of proposed mechanism and Section~\ref{sec:conclusion} summaries our works.
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/branches/candidate/02Background.tex b/branches/candidate/02Background.tex
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+\section{Background and Related Works}
+\label{sec:bk_related}
+
+\subsection{Panasonic Grid-EYE Thermal Sensor}
+First, we study the sensor Panasonic Grid-EYE which is a thermal camera that can output $8 \times 8$ pixels thermal data with $2.5^\circ C$ accuracy and $0.25^\circ C$ resolution at $10$ frames per second. In normal mode, the current consumption is 4.5mA. It is a low resolution camera and infrared array sensor, so we install it in our house at ease without some privacy issue that may cause by a surveillance camera.
+
+When someone walks under a Grid-EYE sensor, we will see some pixels with higher temperature than others. Figure~\ref{fig:GridEye} shows an example of thermal from Grid-EYE sensor. The sensor signal will form a signal cone. The pixel sampling our head temperature will have the highest reading, body is lower, and leg is the lowest except background because when the distance from camera to our body is longer, the area covered by the camera will be wider and the ratio of background temperature in the pixel will increase, also our head does not cover by cloth, so the surface temperature will higher than other place. While we are walking in an area, the temperature of air in the area will become warmer, and the shape of human will be more difficult to recognize.
+
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/GridEye.pdf}
+ \caption{Walking under a Grid-EYE sensor}
+ \label{fig:GridEye}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:GridEyeData} shows an example output of Grid-EYE sensor.
+
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/GridEYEData.pdf}
+ \caption{Output Data from Grid-EYE}
+ \label{fig:GridEyeData}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{FLIR ONE PRO}
+
+FLIR ONE PRO is a thermal camera that can output $480 \times 640$ pixels thermal data with $3^\circ C$ accuracy and $0.01^\circ C$ resolution, and capture speed is about 5 frames per second. In picture taking mode, it can retrieve the precise data from the header of picture file. However, in the video taking mode, it only store a gray scale video and show the range of temperature on the monitor. Hence, we use the data from picture taking mode as our test object. The data form FLIR ONE PRO has about $5000$ times resolution compared to Grid-EYE. The shape of object is not just a cone. The temperature in a same object is similar, but an Obvious edge between different objects. Hence, we developed a method to compress the thermal data from FLIR PRO ONE. It can also treat as a normal image and be stored as jpeg, png, etc.
+
+\subsection{Raspberry Pi 3}
+
+We use Raspberry Pi 3 as our testing environment. It has a 1.2 GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, 1 GB memory, and 802.11n wireless network. We run a Debian-based Linux operating system on it. While it is idle and turning off WiFi, it will consume 240mA and while uploading data at 24Mbit/s, it will consume 400mA.
+
+\subsection{Simple Data Compressing}
+
+If we save a frame from Grid-EYE in a readable format, it will take about 380 bytes storage. However, the temperature range of indoor environment mostly from $5^\circ C$ to $40^\circ C$ and the resolution of Grid-EYE is $0.25^\circ C$, so we can easily represent each temperature by one byte. Hence, we only need $64$ bytes to store a frame. We can use different ways to compress the frame.
+
+\subsubsection{Huffman Coding}
+Huffman coding is a lossless data compressing. In average, it can reduce the frame size from $64$ bytes to $40.7$ bytes with $6$ bytes standard deviation.
+
+\subsubsection{Z-score Threshold}
+We can only send the pixels with higher temperature since thermal sensors are mostly used for detect heat source. Z-score is defined as $z = \frac{\chi - \mu}{\sigma}$ where $\chi$ is the value of the temperature, $\mu$ is the average of the temperature and $\sigma$ is the standard deviation of the temperature. In our earlier work~\cite{Shih17b}, we use Z-score instead of a static threshold to detect human because the background temperature may have a $10^\circ C$ difference between day and night, and when people walk through the sensing area the Grid-EYE, the temperature reading will only increase $2^\circ C$ to $3^\circ C$. Hence, it is impossible to use a static threshold to detect human. In~\cite{Shih17b}, the pixels with useful data only if the Z-score is higher than $2$, so we can reduce the frame size by dropping all pixels with Z-score lower than $2$. We can reduce the file size from $64$ bytes to $12.6$ bytes with $2.9$ bytes standard deviation by Z-score threshold $2$ and compress by Huffman coding.
+
+\subsubsection{Gaussian Function Fitting}
+Since the temperature readings of human body in a thermal data from Grid-EYE looks like a signal cone, we may use a Gaussian function to fit the thermal data. A Gaussian function $y = Ae^{-(x-B)^2/2C^2}$ has three parameter $A$, $B$ and $C$. The parameter $A$ is the height of the cone, $B$ is the position of the cone's peak and $C$ controls the width of the cone. We use the pixel with highest temperature to be the peak of the cone, so we only need to adjust $A$ and $C$ to fit the thermal data. Guo~\cite{guo2011simple} provides a fast way to determine the fitting Gaussian function. In our testing, it will have $0.5^\circ C$ root-mean-square error in average, and only needs $5$ bytes to store the position of peak and two parameters.
+
diff --git a/branches/candidate/03Design.tex b/branches/candidate/03Design.tex
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+\section{Data Size Decision Framework}
+\label{sec:design}
+
+This section presents the proposed method to generate a data array that has less size compared to jpeg image when some of distortion is allowed. We use the thermal data from FLIR ONE PRO.
+
+The nearby pixels usually have similar values, except at the edge of objects. Hence, we can divide an image into several regions, and the pixels in a same region has similar value so we can use the average value to represent it and do not cause too much error. However, precisely divide an image into some polygon region needs a lot of computation power and difficult to describe the edge of each region. Also, determining the number of region is a challenge. Hence, to effectively describe regions we design that every region most be a rectangle, and every region can divide into 4 regions by cut in half at the middle of horizontal and vertical. The image will start from only contains one region, and 3 regions will be added per round since we divide a region into 4 pieces.
+
+Our method is shown in Figure~\ref{fig:SystemArchitecture}. Data structure initialization only needs to do once if the size of a frame doesn't change. A thermal data will be loaded into our data structure and divide into several regions. Finally, the compressed data will be encoded by Huffman coding, and transmitted to database. When users want to use the thermal data, they can restore the data from the encoded data in database.
+
+\begin{figure}[htbp]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/SystemArchitecture.pdf}
+ \caption{System Architecture}
+ \label{fig:SystemArchitecture}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Region Represent Grammar}
+
+For each frame, we can use a context-free language to represent it.
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{rl}
+ $S \rightarrow\ $ & $R$ \\
+ $R \rightarrow\ $ & $\alpha$\\
+ $R \rightarrow\ $ & $\beta RRRR$
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+$R$ refers to a region of frame, and it can either use the average $\alpha$ of the pixels in the region to represent the whole region or divide into four regions and left a remainder $\beta$. Dependence on size of compressed data, we can choose the amount of dividing regions. The context-free grammar starts from a region containing whole frame. For each $R$ we calculate a score based on the data the quality of data we can improve by dividing it into smaller regions. Figure~\ref{fig:pngImage} shows an example of thermal data which was took by FLIR ONE PRO. One of the possible outcome is Shown in Figure~\ref{fig:SeparateImage} if we divide the frame 6 times and it will have 19 regions. By this method, we can iteratively compress the thermal data until the number of regions reach our file size requirement or the error rate is less than the requirement.
+
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+ \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/real.png}
+ \caption{PNG image, size = 46KB}
+ \label{fig:pngImage}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \hspace{0.05\linewidth}
+ \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/separate.png}
+ \caption{Region divided by our method}
+ \label{fig:SeparateImage}
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{figure}
+
+\subsection{Data Structure and Region Selection Algorithm}
+
+To help us choose which region to be divided, we give every region a score, and put them into a heap. For each round, we pick the region with the highest score, and divide it into four subregions, calculate the score of subregions, and put them into the heap. We use the sum of square error of pixels in the region $R$ as the score of the region.
+
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{rl}
+ $\mu = $ & $E(R)$\\
+ $Score = $ & $\sum\limits_{X\in R} (X-\mu)^2$\\
+ $= $ & $\sum\limits_{X\in R} X^2 - |R|\mu^2$
+\end{tabular}
+\end{center}
+
+By the equation shown above, we just need to know the sum of square and the sum of all pixels in the region to calculate the score of the region. We use a 4-dimension segment tree as a container to store all possible regions and its scores. Since segment tree is a complete tree, the size of tree is less than 2 times the number if pixels. For each node of segment tree, it records the range on both width and height it covered, sum $\sum\limits_{X\in R} X$, and sum of square $\sum\limits_{X\in R} X^2$ of pixels in the region. The root of segment tree starts is node number $0$, and each node $i$ has four child from node number from $i\times 4+1$ to $i\times 4+4$. Hence, we only need to allocate a large array and recursively process all nodes form root. Algorithm~\ref{code:SegmentTreePreprocess} shows how we generate the tree and calculate the sum of square and the sum of all nodes.
+
+\begin{algorithm*}[h]
+ \caption{Segment Tree Preprocess}
+ \label{code:SegmentTreePreprocess}
+ \begin{algorithmic}[1]
+ \State $Tree = Array()$
+ \Function{setTreeNode}{$x, left, right, top, bottom$}
+ \If {$left = right$ \and $top = bottom$}
+ \State $Tree[x].Sum = Frame[left][top]$
+ \State $Tree[x].SquareSum = Frame[left][top]^2$
+ \Else
+ \State $setTreeNode(4x+1, left, (left+right)/2, top, (top+bottom)/2)$
+ \State $setTreeNode(4x+2, (left+right)/2, right, top, (top+bottom)/2)$
+ \State $setTreeNode(4x+3, left, (left+right)/2, (top+bottom)/2, bottom)$
+ \State $setTreeNode(4x+4, (left+right)/2, right, (top+bottom)/2, bottom)$
+ \State $Tree[x].Sum = \sum\limits_{i = 4x+1}^{4x+4} Tree[i].sum $
+ \State $Tree[x].SquareSum = \sum\limits_{i = 4x+1}^{4x+4} Tree[i].SquareSum$
+ \EndIf
+ \State $Tree[x].SquaredError = Tree[x].SquareSum - \frac{Tree[x].Sum^2}{(right-left+1)\times(bottom-top+1)}$
+ \EndFunction
+ \State $setTreeNode(0, 0, Frame.Width, 0, Frame.Height)$
+ \end{algorithmic}
+\end{algorithm*}
+
+For region selection, we use a priority queue to retrieve the region of considerate regions with highest score. The priority queue is made by heap, and start with only root of the segment tree. For each round the priority queue pop the item with highest score and push all its child in to the queue.
+
+The compressed data size is depended on how many iterations of dividing the regions. The compressed data size will be about the number of iterations times four bytes. Algorithm~\ref{code:RegionSpecifiedSize} shows how we divide regions until specified data size.
+
+\begin{algorithm*}[h]
+ \caption{Dividing regions depends on compressed data size}
+ \label{code:RegionSpecifiedSize}
+ \begin{algorithmic}[1]
+ \State $seperatedRegions = Array()$
+ \State $PriorityQueue = Heap()$
+ \State $PriorityQueue.Push(Tree[0].SquaredError, 0)$
+ \For{$i = 0..NumberOfIterations$}
+ \State $value, x = PriorityQueue.Pop()$
+ \State $seperatedRegions.push(x)$
+ \For{$j = 1..4$}
+ \State $PriorityQueue.Push(Tree[4x+j].SquaredError, 4x+j)$
+ \EndFor
+ \EndFor
+ \end{algorithmic}
+\end{algorithm*}
+
+The error rate of the compressed data is the sum of the squared error of regions in priority queue. Algorithm~\ref{code:RegionSpecifiedError} shows how we divide regions until specified RMSE.
+
+\begin{algorithm*}[h]
+ \caption{Dividing regions depends on compressed data RMSE}
+ \label{code:RegionSpecifiedError}
+ \begin{algorithmic}[1]
+ \State $seperatedRegions = Array()$
+ \State $PriorityQueue = Heap()$
+ \State $PriorityQueue.Push(Tree[0].SquaredError, 0)$
+ \State $SquaredError = Tree[0].SquaredError$
+ \While{$\sqrt{(SquaredError/FrameSize)} > SpecifiedRMSE$}
+ \State $value, x = PriorityQueue.Pop()$
+ \State $seperatedRegions.push(x)$
+ \State $SquaredError$ -= $value$
+ \For{$j = 1..4$}
+ \State $PriorityQueue.Push(Tree[4x+j].SquaredError, 4x+j)$
+ \State $SquaredError$ += $Tree[4x+j].SquaredError$
+ \EndFor
+ \EndWhile
+ \end{algorithmic}
+\end{algorithm*}
+
+After the region dividing finished, we will generate the data string to be sent. The regions in $seperatedRegions$ will be replaced by a reminder for dividing and others in $PriorityQueue$ will be the average sensor reading in the region, and then compress the string by Huffman Coding.
+
+The complexity of our algorithm can be divided into 3 parts. First part is to initialize the segment tree. The size of segment is depends on the size of the frame. If the number of pixels is $N$, the height of segment tree is $O(Nlog(N))$, and the number of nodes will be $O(N)$. The time complexity of initialize is $O(N)$. Second part is loading the thermal data. It will need to traverse whole tree from leaf to root. Since segment tree can be stored in an array, it also takes $O(N)$ time to load the thermal data. Third part is to divide regions. For each round, we pop an element from heap and push four elements into heap. If there is $K$ iterations, the size of heap will be $3K+1$. Time complexity of pop and push will be $O(log(K))$, and do it $5K$ times will be $O(Klog(K))$.
diff --git a/branches/candidate/04Evaluation.tex b/branches/candidate/04Evaluation.tex
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+\section{Performance Evaluation}
+\label{sec:eval}
+
+To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we did the different ratios of compressing on a thermal data by our method compared to JPEG image using different quality and png image, a lossless bit map image. We set the camera at the ceiling and view direction is perpendicular to the ground, and the thermal data size is $480 \times 640$ pixels. The JPEG image is generated by OpenCV $3.3.0$ which is using libjpeg version 9 13-Jan-2013, and image quality from $1$ to $99$.
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:4KMy} and Figure~\ref{fig:4KJpeg} show the different of JPEG and our method. JPEG image id generated by image quality level $3$, and thermal data of our method does $1390$ rounds of separate and compressed by Huffman Coding. In this case, Huffman Coding can reduce $39\%$ of compressed data size.
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+ \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/my4000.png}
+ \caption{Data compressed by Proposed Method (4KB)}
+ \label{fig:4KMy}
+ \end{minipage}
+ \hspace{0.05\linewidth}
+ \begin{minipage}[b]{0.45\linewidth}
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/quality3.jpg}
+ \caption{Data compressed by JPEG (4KB)}
+ \label{fig:4KJpeg}
+ \end{minipage}
+\end{figure}
+
+Figure~\ref{fig:compareToJpeg} shows that the size of file can reduce more than $50\%$ compared to JPEG image when both have $0.5\% (0.18^\circ C)$ of root-mean-square error. Our method has $82\%$ less error rate when the compressed data size is $4KB$. The percentage of file size is compared to PNG image.
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/compareToJpeg.pdf}
+ \caption{Proposed method and JPEG comparing}
+ \label{fig:compareToJpeg}
+\end{figure}
+
+The computing time of a $480 \times 640$ thermal data on Raspberry Pi 3 is:
+\subsubsection{Date Structure Initialize}
+0.233997 second.
+\subsubsection{Thermal Data Loading}
+1.268126 second.
+\subsubsection{Regions dividing}
+About 4.6 microsecond per separation. Figure~\ref{fig:computeTime} shows the computation time of Region dividing.
+
+Total time is about 1.5 second.
+
+\begin{figure}[ht]
+ \centering
+ \includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{figures/computeTime.pdf}
+ \caption{Computation Time of Regions Dividing}
+ \label{fig:computeTime}
+\end{figure}
+
+
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diff --git a/branches/candidate/05Conclusion.tex b/branches/candidate/05Conclusion.tex
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/branches/candidate/05Conclusion.tex
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+\section{Conclusion\label{sec:conclusion}}
+
+In this paper we present the design to reduce the data size of a two dimension thermal data. Nearby pixels in a thermal data mostly have similar value, so we can easily separate an data region into several regions and use its average value to represent it but will not cause too much error. The method we proposed can either choose the data size or error rate of compressed data. By giving every regions different resolutions, we can reduce the file size to $50\%$ less than JPEG when there is $0.5\%$ of distortion, and up to $93\%$ less when there is $2\%$ of distortion.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/branches/candidate/06Acknowledge.tex b/branches/candidate/06Acknowledge.tex
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+\textbf{Acknowledgements}
+This research was supported in part by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan (MOST 106-2633-E-002-001, MOST 106-2627-M-002-022-), National Taiwan University (NTU-106R104045), Intel Corporation, and Delta Electronics, and Advantech.
diff --git a/branches/candidate/DIY Interface for Enhanced Service Customization of Remote IoT Devices- A CoAP Based Prototype.skim b/branches/candidate/DIY Interface for Enhanced Service Customization of Remote IoT Devices- A CoAP Based Prototype.skim
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diff --git a/branches/candidate/ERICA.bib b/branches/candidate/ERICA.bib
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@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+%% This BibTeX bibliography file was created using BibDesk.
+%% http://bibdesk.sourceforge.net/
+
+
+%% Created for cshih at 2017-05-14 18:16:25 +0800
+
+
+%% Saved with string encoding Unicode (UTF-8)
+
+
+
+@inproceedings{YiWillemson13,
+ Author = {X. Yi and J. Willemson and F. Nait-Abdesselam},
+ Booktitle = {2013 12th IEEE International Conference on Trust, Security and Privacy in Computing and Communications},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-14 07:47:40 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:48:44 +0000},
+ Keywords = {biomedical equipment;cryptography;medical computing;wireless sensor networks;Cybernetica;Sharemind system;advanced cryptographic techniques;attribute-based encryption;eavesdropping;input data;lightweight encryption algorithm;low-cost sensor nodes;low-power sensor nodes;open air;patient data privacy;patient database;privacy-preserving wireless medical sensor network;sensor node;spoofing;symmetric key cryptosystems;Communication system security;Cryptography;Medical services;Protocols;Servers;Wireless communication;Wireless sensor networks;Medical sensor network;SHA-3;Sharemind;privacy-preserving computation},
+ Month = {July},
+ Pages = {118-125},
+ Title = {Privacy-Preserving Wireless Medical Sensor Network},
+ Year = {2013},
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+
+@inproceedings{JalalKamal14,
+ Author = {A. Jalal and S. Kamal and D. Kim},
+ Booktitle = {Fifth International Conference on Computing, Communications and Networking Technologies (ICCCNT)},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-14 07:42:12 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:43:07 +0000},
+ Pages = {1-6},
+ Title = {Depth map-based human activity tracking and recognition using body joints features and Self-Organized Map},
+ Year = {2014},
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+
+@inproceedings{BodorJackson03,
+ Author = {Bodor, Robert and Jackson, Bennett and Papanikolopoulos, Nikolaos},
+ Booktitle = {Proc. of the 11th Mediterranean Conf. on Control and Automation},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-14 07:40:29 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:41:33 +0000},
+ Title = {Vision-based human tracking and activity recognition},
+ Volume = {1},
+ Year = {2003},
+ Bdsk-File-1 = {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}}
+
+@article{Fortino15,
+ Abstract = {Abstract Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) have emerged as the most effective technology enabling not only new e-Health methods and systems but also novel applications in human-centered areas such as electronic health care, fitness/welness systems, sport performance monitoring, interactive games, factory workers monitoring, and social physical interaction. Despite their enormous potential, they are currently mostly used only to monitor single individuals. Indeed, \{BSNs\} can proactively interact and collaborate to foster novel \{BSN\} applications centered on collaborative groups of individuals. In this paper, C-SPINE, a framework for Collaborative \{BSNs\} (CBSNs), is proposed. \{CBSNs\} are \{BSNs\} able to collaborate with each other to fulfill a common goal. They can support the development of novel smart wearable systems for cyberphysical pervasive computing environments. Collaboration therefore relies on interaction and synchronization among the \{CBSNs\} and on collaborative distributed computing atop the collaborating CBSNs. Specifically, collaboration is triggered upon \{CBSN\} proximity and relies on service-specific protocols allowing for managing services among the collaborating CBSNs. C-SPINE also natively supports multi-sensor data fusion among \{CBSNs\} to enable joint data analysis such as filtering, time-dependent data integration and classification. To demonstrate its effectiveness, C-SPINE is used to implement e-Shake, a collaborative \{CBSN\} system for the detection of emotions. The system is based on a multi-sensor data fusion schema to perform automatic detection of handshakes between two individuals and capture of possible heart-rate-based emotion reactions due to the individuals' meeting. },
+ Author = {Giancarlo Fortino and Stefano Galzarano and Raffaele Gravina and Wenfeng Li},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-14 07:10:48 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:23:10 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2014.03.005},
+ Issn = {1566-2535},
+ Journal = {Information Fusion},
+ Keywords = {Handshake detection},
+ Pages = {50 - 70},
+ Title = {A framework for collaborative computing and multi-sensor data fusion in body sensor networks},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S156625351400044X},
+ Volume = {22},
+ Year = {2015},
+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S156625351400044X},
+ Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2014.03.005}}
+
+@inproceedings{Bourke16,
+ Author = {Bourke, Alan K and Ihlen, Espen AF and Van de Ven, Pepijn and Nelson, John and Helbostad, Jorunn L},
+ Booktitle = {Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2016 IEEE 38th Annual International Conference of the},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 14:39:15 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:44:51 +0000},
+ Organization = {IEEE},
+ Pages = {4881--4884},
+ Title = {Video analysis validation of a real-time physical activity detection algorithm based on a single waist mounted tri-axial accelerometer sensor},
+ Year = {2016},
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+
+@inproceedings{Gheid16,
+ Author = {Gheid, Zakaria and Challal, Yacine},
+ Booktitle = {13th International Conference on Ubiquitous Intelligence and Computing (UIC 2016)},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 14:39:11 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-14 07:46:54 +0000},
+ Title = {Novel Efficient and Privacy-Preserving Protocols For Sensor-Based Human Activity Recognition},
+ Year = {2016},
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+
+@article{LuFu09,
+ Author = {Lu, C. H. and Fu, L. C.},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 07:27:06 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 07:28:17 +0000},
+ Doi = {10.1109/TASE.2009.2021981},
+ Issn = {1545-5955},
+ Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering},
+ Keywords = {belief networks;home automation;mobile computing;telecommunication network reliability;wireless sensor networks;Bayesian network fusion;ambient intelligence applications;attentive home pilot project;context-aware attentive services;device failure;robust location-aware activity recognition;smart home;wireless sensor network;Location-aware activity recognition;ambient-intelligence compliant object (AICO);attentive home;wireless sensor network},
+ Month = {Oct},
+ Number = {4},
+ Pages = {598-609},
+ Title = {Robust Location-Aware Activity Recognition Using Wireless Sensor Network in an Attentive Home},
+ Volume = {6},
+ Year = {2009},
+ Bdsk-File-1 = {YnBsaXN0MDDUAQIDBAUGJCVYJHZlcnNpb25YJG9iamVjdHNZJGFyY2hpdmVyVCR0b3ASAAGGoKgHCBMUFRYaIVUkbnVsbNMJCgsMDxJXTlMua2V5c1pOUy5vYmplY3RzViRjbGFzc6INDoACgAOiEBGABIAFgAdccmVsYXRpdmVQYXRoWWFsaWFzRGF0YV8QbFJlZmVyZW5jZXMvUm9idXN0IExvY2F0aW9uLUF3YXJlIEFjdGl2aXR5IFJlY29nbml0aW9uIFVzaW5nIFdpcmVsZXNzIFNlbnNvciBOZXR3b3JrIGluIGFuIEF0dGVudGl2ZSBIb21lLnBkZtIXCxgZV05TLmRhdGFPEQKqAAAAAAKqAAIAAAVub3RlcwAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAADVCUHxSCsAAAAUaVofUm9idXN0IExvY2F0aW9uLUF3YXIjMTQ2OUJCLnBkZgAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABRpu9U94jMAAAAAAAAAAAABAAMAAAkAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAClJlZmVyZW5jZXMAEAAIAADVCNFxAAAAEQAIAADVPXGzAAAAAQAUABRpWgAUaSsAB5UsAAasVwAD660AAgBUbm90ZXM6bm90ZXM6AFB1YmxpY2F0aW9uczoAMjAxNzoAUkFDUzE3OgBSZWZlcmVuY2VzOgBSb2J1c3QgTG9jYXRpb24tQXdhciMxNDY5QkIucGRmAA4AxABhAFIAbwBiAHUAcwB0ACAATABvAGMAYQB0AGkAbwBuAC0AQQB3AGEAcgBlACAAQQBjAHQAaQB2AGkAdAB5ACAAUgBlAGMAbwBnAG4AaQB0AGkAbwBuACAAVQBzAGkAbgBnACAAVwBpAHIAZQBsAGUAcwBzACAAUwBlAG4AcwBvAHIAIABOAGUAdAB3AG8AcgBrACAAaQBuACAAYQBuACAAQQB0AHQAZQBuAHQAaQB2AGUAIABIAG8AbQBlAC4AcABkAGYADwAMAAUAbgBvAHQAZQBzABIAjC9ub3Rlcy9QdWJsaWNhdGlvbnMvMjAxNy9SQUNTMTcvUmVmZXJlbmNlcy9Sb2J1c3QgTG9jYXRpb24tQXdhcmUgQWN0aXZpdHkgUmVjb2duaXRpb24gVXNpbmcgV2lyZWxlc3MgU2Vuc29yIE5ldHdvcmsgaW4gYW4gQXR0ZW50aXZlIEhvbWUucGRmABMADi9Wb2x1bWVzL25vdGVz//8AAIAG0hscHR5aJGNsYXNzbmFtZVgkY2xhc3Nlc11OU011dGFibGVEYXRhox0fIFZOU0RhdGFYTlNPYmplY3TSGxwiI1xOU0RpY3Rpb25hcnmiIiBfEA9OU0tleWVkQXJjaGl2ZXLRJidUcm9vdIABAAgAEQAaACMALQAyADcAQABGAE0AVQBgAGcAagBsAG4AcQBzAHUAdwCEAI4A/QECAQoDuAO6A78DygPTA+ED5QPsA/UD+gQHBAoEHAQfBCQAAAAAAAACAQAAAAAAAAAoAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAEJg==},
+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TASE.2009.2021981}}
+
+@article{Yick20082292,
+ Abstract = {A wireless sensor network (WSN) has important applications such as remote environmental monitoring and target tracking. This has been enabled by the availability, particularly in recent years, of sensors that are smaller, cheaper, and intelligent. These sensors are equipped with wireless interfaces with which they can communicate with one another to form a network. The design of a \{WSN\} depends significantly on the application, and it must consider factors such as the environment, the application's design objectives, cost, hardware, and system constraints. The goal of our survey is to present a comprehensive review of the recent literature since the publication of [I.F. Akyildiz, W. Su, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, \{IEEE\} Communications Magazine, 2002]. Following a top-down approach, we give an overview of several new applications and then review the literature on various aspects of WSNs. We classify the problems into three different categories: (1) internal platform and underlying operating system, (2) communication protocol stack, and (3) network services, provisioning, and deployment. We review the major development in these three categories and outline new challenges. },
+ Author = {Jennifer Yick and Biswanath Mukherjee and Dipak Ghosal},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 06:59:55 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:59:55 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002},
+ Issn = {1389-1286},
+ Journal = {Computer Networks},
+ Keywords = {Survey},
+ Number = {12},
+ Pages = {2292 - 2330},
+ Title = {Wireless sensor network survey},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128608001254},
+ Volume = {52},
+ Year = {2008},
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+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128608001254},
+ Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2008.04.002}}
+
+@article{Milenkovic20062521,
+ Abstract = {Recent technological advances in sensors, low-power integrated circuits, and wireless communications have enabled the design of low-cost, miniature, lightweight, and intelligent physiological sensor nodes. These nodes, capable of sensing, processing, and communicating one or more vital signs, can be seamlessly integrated into wireless personal or body networks (WPANs or WBANs) for health monitoring. These networks promise to revolutionize health care by allowing inexpensive, non-invasive, continuous, ambulatory health monitoring with almost real-time updates of medical records via the Internet. Though a number of ongoing research efforts are focusing on various technical, economic, and social issues, many technical hurdles still need to be resolved in order to have flexible, reliable, secure, and power-efficient \{WBANs\} suitable for medical applications. This paper discusses implementation issues and describes the authors' prototype sensor network for health monitoring that utilizes off-the-shelf 802.15.4 compliant network nodes and custom-built motion and heart activity sensors. The paper presents system architecture and hardware and software organization, as well as the authors' solutions for time synchronization, power management, and on-chip signal processing. },
+ Author = {Aleksandar Milenkovi{\'c} and Chris Otto and Emil Jovanov},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 06:58:37 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:58:37 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2006.02.011},
+ Issn = {0140-3664},
+ Journal = {Computer Communications},
+ Note = {Wirelsess Senson Networks and Wired/Wireless Internet Communications},
+ Number = {13--14},
+ Pages = {2521 - 2533},
+ Title = {Wireless sensor networks for personal health monitoring: Issues and an implementation},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366406000508},
+ Volume = {29},
+ Year = {2006},
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+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140366406000508},
+ Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comcom.2006.02.011}}
+
+@article{Gravina16,
+ Abstract = {Abstract This paper proposes Activity as a Service (Activity-aaService), a full-fledged cyber--physical framework to support community, on-line and off-line human activity recognition and monitoring in mobility. Activity-aaService is able to address the current lack of Cloud-Assisted Body Area Networks platforms and applications supporting monitoring and analysis of human activity for single individuals and communities. Activity-aaService is built atop the BodyCloud platform so enabling efficient BSN-based sensor data collection and local processing (Body-side), high performance computing of collected sensor data and data storing on the Cloud (Cloud-side), workflow-based programming of data analysis (Analyst-side), and advanced visualization of results (Viewer-side). Specifically, it provides specific, powerful and flexible programming abstractions for the rapid prototyping of efficient human activity-oriented applications. The effectiveness of the proposed framework has been demonstrated through the development of several prototypes related to physical activity monitoring, step counting, physical energy estimation, automatic fall detection, and smart wheelchair support. Finally, performance evaluation of the proposed framework at the Body-side of the activity classification has been carried out by analyzing processing load, data transmission time, \{CPU\} usage, memory footprint, and battery consumption using four heterogeneous mobile devices representing low, medium and high performance mobile platforms. },
+ Author = {Raffaele Gravina and Congcong Ma and Pasquale Pace and Gianluca Aloi and Wilma Russo and Wenfeng Li and Giancarlo Fortino},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 03:20:32 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:52:28 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.09.006},
+ Issn = {0167-739X},
+ Journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems},
+ Keywords = {Software as a service},
+ Month = {September},
+ Title = {Cloud-based Activity-aaService cyber--physical framework for human activity monitoring in mobility},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X16303016},
+ Year = {2016},
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+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167739X16303016},
+ Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2016.09.006}}
+
+@article{WangWu17,
+ Abstract = {Injuries that are caused by falls have been regarded as one of the major health threats to the independent living for the elderly. Conventional fall detection systems have various limitations. In this work, we first look for the correlations between different radio signal variations and activities by analyzing radio propagation model. Based on our observation, we propose WiFall, a truly unobtrusive fall detection system. WiFall employs physical layer Channel State Information (CSI) as the indicator of activities. It can detect fall of the human without hardware modification, extra environmental setup, or any wearable device. We implement WiFall on desktops equipped with commodity 802.11n NIC, and evaluate the performance in three typical indoor scenarios with several layouts of transmitter-receiver (Tx-Rx) links. In our area of interest, WiFall can achieve fall detection for a single person with high accuracy. As demonstrated by the experimental results, WiFall yields 90 percent detection precision with a false alarm rate of 15 percent on average using a one-class SVM classifier in all testing scenarios. It can also achieve average 94 percent fall detection precisions with 13 percent false alarm using Random Forest algorithm.},
+ Annote = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7458186/},
+ Author = {Y. Wang and K. Wu and L. M. Ni},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 03:19:27 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:50:32 +0000},
+ Doi = {10.1109/TMC.2016.2557792},
+ Issn = {1536-1233},
+ Journal = {IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing},
+ Keywords = {biomedical communication;decision trees;geriatrics;indoor radio;medical computing;pattern classification;radio links;radio receivers;radio transmitters;support vector machines;wireless LAN;wireless sensor networks;802.11n NIC;WiFall;device-free fall detection;false alarm rate;health threats;indoor scenarios;one-class SVM classifier;physical layer channel state information;radio propagation model;radio signal;random forest algorithm;transmitter-receiver links;wireless networks;Channel state information;IEEE 802.11 Standard;Motion detection;Senior citizens;Sensors;Wireless communication;Wireless sensor networks;Wireless;channel state information;device-free;fall detection;machine learning},
+ Month = {Feb},
+ Number = {2},
+ Pages = {581-594},
+ Title = {WiFall: Device-Free Fall Detection by Wireless Networks},
+ Volume = {16},
+ Year = {2017},
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+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TMC.2016.2557792}}
+
+@article{Prabhu17,
+ Abstract = {Engineers have created WSN applications for areas including health care, utilities, and remote monitoring. In health care, wireless devices make less invasive patient monitoring and health care possible. For utilities such as the electricity grid, streetlights, and water municipals, wireless sensors offer a lower-cost method for collecting system health data to reduce energy usage and better manage resources. Remote monitoring covers a wide range of applications where wireless systems can complement wired systems by reducing wiring costs and allowing new types of measurement applications. The most well-liked principle for distributed clustering methodology is to choose cluster heads with more residual energy and to rotate them occasionally. Sensors at very heavy traffic locations rapidly deplete their energy resources and die in advance, before the network to collapse. The use of these sensors and the probability of organizing them into networks have discovered many research issues and have highlighted innovative ways to cope with certain problems. Here, the view of distributed clustering mechanism has been elaborated elegantly and different areas where such distributed clustering methodology could be put to use in emerging real world wireless sensor network applications have been compiled and discussed.},
+ Annote = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=2909105},
+ Author = {Prabhu, Boselin and Balakumar, N and Antony, A Johnson},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 03:15:40 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:50:20 +0000},
+ Journal = {INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INNOVATIVE RESEARCH IN TECHNOLOGY},
+ Keywords = {Wireless Sensor Network, Sensor Node, Distributed Clustering, Energy Utilization, Real World Applications},
+ Month = {Jan.},
+ Number = {8},
+ Title = {Wireless Sensor Network Based Smart Environment Applications},
+ Volume = {3},
+ Year = {2017},
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+
+@article{LeeChung09,
+ Abstract = {The smart shirt which measures electrocardiogram (ECG) and acceleration signals for continuous and real time health monitoring is designed and developed. The shirt mainly consists of sensors for continuous monitoring the health data and conductive fabrics to get the body signal as electrodes. The measured physiological \{ECG\} data and physical activity data are transmitted in an ad-hoc network in \{IEEE\} 802.15.4 communication standard to a base-station and server \{PC\} for remote monitoring. The wearable sensor devices are designed to fit well into shirt with small size and low power consumption to reduce the battery size. The adaptive filtering method to cancel artifact noise from conductive fabric electrodes in a shirt is also designed and tested to get clear \{ECG\} signal even though during running or physical exercise of a person. },
+ Author = {Young-Dong Lee and Wan-Young Chung},
+ Date-Added = {2017-05-13 03:14:52 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:53:06 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2009.04.040},
+ Issn = {0925-4005},
+ Journal = {Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical},
+ Month = {July},
+ Number = 2,
+ Pages = {390 - 395},
+ Title = {Wireless sensor network based wearable smart shirt for ubiquitous health and activity monitoring},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400509003724},
+ Volume = 140,
+ Year = 2009,
+ Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0925400509003724}}
+
+@article{AlemdarErsoy10,
+ Abstract = {Becoming mature enough to be used for improving the quality of life, wireless sensor network technologies are considered as one of the key research areas in computer science and healthcare application industries. The pervasive healthcare systems provide rich contextual information and alerting mechanisms against odd conditions with continuous monitoring. This minimizes the need for caregivers and helps the chronically ill and elderly to survive an independent life, besides provides quality care for the babies and little children whose both parents have to work. Although having significant benefits, the area has still major challenges which are investigated in this paper. We provide several state of the art examples together with the design considerations like unobtrusiveness, scalability, energy efficiency, security and also provide a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and challenges of these systems. },
+ Author = {Hande Alemdar and Cem Ersoy},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-05-13 06:52:42 +0000},
+ Doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.003},
+ Issn = {1389-1286},
+ Journal = {Computer Networks},
+ Keywords = {Children and chronically ill},
+ Month = {October},
+ Number = {15},
+ Pages = {2688 - 2710},
+ Title = {Wireless sensor networks for healthcare: A survey},
+ Url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128610001398},
+ Volume = {54},
+ Year = {2010},
+ Bdsk-File-1 = {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},
+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1389128610001398},
+ Bdsk-Url-2 = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2010.05.003}}
+
+@webpage{Zscore,
+ Date-Added = {2017-06-12 10:16:21 +0000},
+ Date-Modified = {2017-06-12 10:16:44 +0000},
+ Lastchecked = {Monday, 12 June 2017},
+ Title = {Standard score - Wikipedia},
+ Url = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score},
+ Bdsk-Url-1 = {https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_score}
+}
+
diff --git a/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.bst b/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.bst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..90acb4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.bst
@@ -0,0 +1,2425 @@
+%%
+%% IEEEtran.bst
+%% BibTeX Bibliography Style file for IEEE Journals and Conferences (unsorted)
+%% Version 1.13 (2008/09/30)
+%%
+%% Copyright (c) 2003-2008 Michael Shell
+%%
+%% Original starting code base and algorithms obtained from the output of
+%% Patrick W. Daly's makebst package as well as from prior versions of
+%% IEEE BibTeX styles:
+%%
+%% 1. Howard Trickey and Oren Patashnik's ieeetr.bst (1985/1988)
+%% 2. Silvano Balemi and Richard H. Roy's IEEEbib.bst (1993)
+%%
+%% Support sites:
+%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
+%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
+%% and/or
+%% http://www.ieee.org/
+%%
+%% For use with BibTeX version 0.99a or later
+%%
+%% This is a numerical citation style.
+%%
+%%*************************************************************************
+%% Legal Notice:
+%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
+%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
+%% User assumes all risk.
+%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
+%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
+%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
+%% of any information contained here.
+%%
+%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
+%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
+%%
+%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
+%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
+%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
+%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
+%% 2003/12/01 or later.
+%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
+%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
+%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
+%%
+%% File list of work: IEEEabrv.bib, IEEEfull.bib, IEEEexample.bib,
+%% IEEEtran.bst, IEEEtranS.bst, IEEEtranSA.bst,
+%% IEEEtranN.bst, IEEEtranSN.bst, IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf
+%%*************************************************************************
+%
+%
+% Changelog:
+%
+% 1.00 (2002/08/13) Initial release
+%
+% 1.10 (2002/09/27)
+% 1. Corrected minor bug for improperly formed warning message when a
+% book was not given a title. Thanks to Ming Kin Lai for reporting this.
+% 2. Added support for CTLname_format_string and CTLname_latex_cmd fields
+% in the BST control entry type.
+%
+% 1.11 (2003/04/02)
+% 1. Fixed bug with URLs containing underscores when using url.sty. Thanks
+% to Ming Kin Lai for reporting this.
+%
+% 1.12 (2007/01/11)
+% 1. Fixed bug with unwanted comma before "et al." when an entry contained
+% more than two author names. Thanks to Pallav Gupta for reporting this.
+% 2. Fixed bug with anomalous closing quote in tech reports that have a
+% type, but without a number or address. Thanks to Mehrdad Mirreza for
+% reporting this.
+% 3. Use braces in \providecommand in begin.bib to better support
+% latex2html. TeX style length assignments OK with recent versions
+% of latex2html - 1.71 (2002/2/1) or later is strongly recommended.
+% Use of the language field still causes trouble with latex2html.
+% Thanks to Federico Beffa for reporting this.
+% 4. Added IEEEtran.bst ID and version comment string to .bbl output.
+% 5. Provide a \BIBdecl hook that allows the user to execute commands
+% just prior to the first entry.
+% 6. Use default urlstyle (is using url.sty) of "same" rather than rm to
+% better work with a wider variety of bibliography styles.
+% 7. Changed month abbreviations from Sept., July and June to Sep., Jul.,
+% and Jun., respectively, as IEEE now does. Thanks to Moritz Borgmann
+% for reporting this.
+% 8. Control entry types should not be considered when calculating longest
+% label width.
+% 9. Added alias www for electronic/online.
+% 10. Added CTLname_url_prefix control entry type.
+%
+% 1.13 (2008/09/30)
+% 1. Fixed bug with edition number to ordinal conversion. Thanks to
+% Michael Roland for reporting this and correcting the algorithm.
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% DEFAULTS FOR THE CONTROLS OF THE BST STYLE %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+% These are the defaults for the user adjustable controls. The values used
+% here can be overridden by the user via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+
+% NOTE: The recommended LaTeX command to invoke a control entry type is:
+%
+%\makeatletter
+%\def\bstctlcite{\@ifnextchar[{\@bstctlcite}{\@bstctlcite[@auxout]}}
+%\def\@bstctlcite[#1]#2{\@bsphack
+% \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
+% \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
+% \if@filesw\immediate\write\csname #1\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi}%
+% \@esphack}
+%\makeatother
+%
+% It is called at the start of the document, before the first \cite, like:
+% \bstctlcite{IEEEexample:BSTcontrol}
+%
+% IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later does provide this command.
+
+
+
+% #0 turns off the display of the number for articles.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.number.for.article} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the display of the paper and type fields in @inproceedings.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.paper} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the forced use of "et al."
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.forced.et.al} { #0 }
+
+% The maximum number of names that can be present beyond which an "et al."
+% usage is forced. Be sure that num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al (below)
+% is not greater than this value!
+% Note: There are many instances of references in IEEE journals which have
+% a very large number of authors as well as instances in which "et al." is
+% used profusely.
+FUNCTION {default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al} { #10 }
+
+% The number of names that will be shown with a forced "et al.".
+% Must be less than or equal to max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
+FUNCTION {default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al} { #1 }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing} { #1 }
+
+% If alternate interword spacing for entries with URLs is enabled, this is
+% the interword spacing stretch factor that will be used. For example, the
+% default "4" here means that the interword spacing in entries with URLs can
+% stretch to four times normal. Does not have to be an integer. Note that
+% the value specified here can be overridden by the user in their LaTeX
+% code via a command such as:
+% "\providecommand\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor{1.5}" in addition to
+% that via the IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+FUNCTION {default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor} { "4" }
+
+
+% #0 turns off the "dashification" of repeated (i.e., identical to those
+% of the previous entry) names. IEEE normally does this.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {default.is.dash.repeated.names} { #1 }
+
+
+% The default name format control string.
+FUNCTION {default.name.format.string}{ "{f.~}{vv~}{ll}{, jj}" }
+
+
+% The default LaTeX font command for the names.
+FUNCTION {default.name.latex.cmd}{ "" }
+
+
+% The default URL prefix.
+FUNCTION {default.name.url.prefix}{ "[Online]. Available:" }
+
+
+% Other controls that cannot be accessed via IEEEtranBSTCTL entry type.
+
+% #0 turns off the terminal startup banner/completed message so as to
+% operate more quietly.
+% #1 enables
+FUNCTION {is.print.banners.to.terminal} { #1 }
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% FILE VERSION AND BANNER %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION{bst.file.version} { "1.13" }
+FUNCTION{bst.file.date} { "2008/09/30" }
+FUNCTION{bst.file.website} { "http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/" }
+
+FUNCTION {banner.message}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+ { "-- IEEEtran.bst version" " " * bst.file.version *
+ " (" * bst.file.date * ") " * "by Michael Shell." *
+ top$
+ "-- " bst.file.website *
+ top$
+ "-- See the " quote$ * "IEEEtran_bst_HOWTO.pdf" * quote$ * " manual for usage information." *
+ top$
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {completed.message}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+ { ""
+ top$
+ "Done."
+ top$
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% STRING CONSTANTS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {bbl.and}{ "and" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.etal}{ "et~al." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.editors}{ "eds." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.editor}{ "ed." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.edition}{ "ed." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.volume}{ "vol." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.of}{ "of" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.number}{ "no." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.in}{ "in" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.pages}{ "pp." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.page}{ "p." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.chapter}{ "ch." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.paper}{ "paper" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.part}{ "pt." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.patent}{ "Patent" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.patentUS}{ "U.S." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.revision}{ "Rev." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.series}{ "ser." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.standard}{ "Std." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.techrep}{ "Tech. Rep." }
+FUNCTION {bbl.mthesis}{ "Master's thesis" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.phdthesis}{ "Ph.D. dissertation" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.st}{ "st" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.nd}{ "nd" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.rd}{ "rd" }
+FUNCTION {bbl.th}{ "th" }
+
+
+% This is the LaTeX spacer that is used when a larger than normal space
+% is called for (such as just before the address:publisher).
+FUNCTION {large.space} { "\hskip 1em plus 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax " }
+
+% The LaTeX code for dashes that are used to represent repeated names.
+% Note: Some older IEEE journals used something like
+% "\rule{0.275in}{0.5pt}\," which is fairly thick and runs right along
+% the baseline. However, IEEE now uses a thinner, above baseline,
+% six dash long sequence.
+FUNCTION {repeated.name.dashes} { "------" }
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% PREDEFINED STRING MACROS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+MACRO {jan} {"Jan."}
+MACRO {feb} {"Feb."}
+MACRO {mar} {"Mar."}
+MACRO {apr} {"Apr."}
+MACRO {may} {"May"}
+MACRO {jun} {"Jun."}
+MACRO {jul} {"Jul."}
+MACRO {aug} {"Aug."}
+MACRO {sep} {"Sep."}
+MACRO {oct} {"Oct."}
+MACRO {nov} {"Nov."}
+MACRO {dec} {"Dec."}
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY FIELDS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+ENTRY
+ { address
+ assignee
+ author
+ booktitle
+ chapter
+ day
+ dayfiled
+ edition
+ editor
+ howpublished
+ institution
+ intype
+ journal
+ key
+ language
+ month
+ monthfiled
+ nationality
+ note
+ number
+ organization
+ pages
+ paper
+ publisher
+ school
+ series
+ revision
+ title
+ type
+ url
+ volume
+ year
+ yearfiled
+ CTLuse_article_number
+ CTLuse_paper
+ CTLuse_forced_etal
+ CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+ CTLnames_show_etal
+ CTLuse_alt_spacing
+ CTLalt_stretch_factor
+ CTLdash_repeated_names
+ CTLname_format_string
+ CTLname_latex_cmd
+ CTLname_url_prefix
+ }
+ {}
+ { label }
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% INTEGER VARIABLES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+INTEGERS { prev.status.punct this.status.punct punct.std
+ punct.no punct.comma punct.period
+ prev.status.space this.status.space space.std
+ space.no space.normal space.large
+ prev.status.quote this.status.quote quote.std
+ quote.no quote.close
+ prev.status.nline this.status.nline nline.std
+ nline.no nline.newblock
+ status.cap cap.std
+ cap.no cap.yes}
+
+INTEGERS { longest.label.width multiresult nameptr namesleft number.label numnames }
+
+INTEGERS { is.use.number.for.article
+ is.use.paper
+ is.forced.et.al
+ max.num.names.before.forced.et.al
+ num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al
+ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+ is.dash.repeated.names}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% STRING VARIABLES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+STRINGS { bibinfo
+ longest.label
+ oldname
+ s
+ t
+ ALTinterwordstretchfactor
+ name.format.string
+ name.latex.cmd
+ name.url.prefix}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LOW LEVEL FUNCTIONS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.controls}
+{ default.is.use.number.for.article 'is.use.number.for.article :=
+ default.is.use.paper 'is.use.paper :=
+ default.is.forced.et.al 'is.forced.et.al :=
+ default.max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=
+ default.num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+ default.is.use.alt.interword.spacing 'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=
+ default.is.dash.repeated.names 'is.dash.repeated.names :=
+ default.ALTinterwordstretchfactor 'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=
+ default.name.format.string 'name.format.string :=
+ default.name.latex.cmd 'name.latex.cmd :=
+ default.name.url.prefix 'name.url.prefix :=
+}
+
+
+% This IEEEtran.bst features a very powerful and flexible mechanism for
+% controlling the capitalization, punctuation, spacing, quotation, and
+% newlines of the formatted entry fields. (Note: IEEEtran.bst does not need
+% or use the newline/newblock feature, but it has been implemented for
+% possible future use.) The output states of IEEEtran.bst consist of
+% multiple independent attributes and, as such, can be thought of as being
+% vectors, rather than the simple scalar values ("before.all",
+% "mid.sentence", etc.) used in most other .bst files.
+%
+% The more flexible and complex design used here was motivated in part by
+% IEEE's rather unusual bibliography style. For example, IEEE ends the
+% previous field item with a period and large space prior to the publisher
+% address; the @electronic entry types use periods as inter-item punctuation
+% rather than the commas used by the other entry types; and URLs are never
+% followed by periods even though they are the last item in the entry.
+% Although it is possible to accommodate these features with the conventional
+% output state system, the seemingly endless exceptions make for convoluted,
+% unreliable and difficult to maintain code.
+%
+% IEEEtran.bst's output state system can be easily understood via a simple
+% illustration of two most recently formatted entry fields (on the stack):
+%
+% CURRENT_ITEM
+% "PREVIOUS_ITEM
+%
+% which, in this example, is to eventually appear in the bibliography as:
+%
+% "PREVIOUS_ITEM," CURRENT_ITEM
+%
+% It is the job of the output routine to take the previous item off of the
+% stack (while leaving the current item at the top of the stack), apply its
+% trailing punctuation (including closing quote marks) and spacing, and then
+% to write the result to BibTeX's output buffer:
+%
+% "PREVIOUS_ITEM,"
+%
+% Punctuation (and spacing) between items is often determined by both of the
+% items rather than just the first one. The presence of quotation marks
+% further complicates the situation because, in standard English, trailing
+% punctuation marks are supposed to be contained within the quotes.
+%
+% IEEEtran.bst maintains two output state (aka "status") vectors which
+% correspond to the previous and current (aka "this") items. Each vector
+% consists of several independent attributes which track punctuation,
+% spacing, quotation, and newlines. Capitalization status is handled by a
+% separate scalar because the format routines, not the output routine,
+% handle capitalization and, therefore, there is no need to maintain the
+% capitalization attribute for both the "previous" and "this" items.
+%
+% When a format routine adds a new item, it copies the current output status
+% vector to the previous output status vector and (usually) resets the
+% current (this) output status vector to a "standard status" vector. Using a
+% "standard status" vector in this way allows us to redefine what we mean by
+% "standard status" at the start of each entry handler and reuse the same
+% format routines under the various inter-item separation schemes. For
+% example, the standard status vector for the @book entry type may use
+% commas for item separators, while the @electronic type may use periods,
+% yet both entry handlers exploit many of the exact same format routines.
+%
+% Because format routines have write access to the output status vector of
+% the previous item, they can override the punctuation choices of the
+% previous format routine! Therefore, it becomes trivial to implement rules
+% such as "Always use a period and a large space before the publisher." By
+% pushing the generation of the closing quote mark to the output routine, we
+% avoid all the problems caused by having to close a quote before having all
+% the information required to determine what the punctuation should be.
+%
+% The IEEEtran.bst output state system can easily be expanded if needed.
+% For instance, it is easy to add a "space.tie" attribute value if the
+% bibliography rules mandate that two items have to be joined with an
+% unbreakable space.
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.status.constants}
+{ #0 'punct.no :=
+ #1 'punct.comma :=
+ #2 'punct.period :=
+ #0 'space.no :=
+ #1 'space.normal :=
+ #2 'space.large :=
+ #0 'quote.no :=
+ #1 'quote.close :=
+ #0 'cap.no :=
+ #1 'cap.yes :=
+ #0 'nline.no :=
+ #1 'nline.newblock :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {std.status.using.comma}
+{ punct.comma 'punct.std :=
+ space.normal 'space.std :=
+ quote.no 'quote.std :=
+ nline.no 'nline.std :=
+ cap.no 'cap.std :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {std.status.using.period}
+{ punct.period 'punct.std :=
+ space.normal 'space.std :=
+ quote.no 'quote.std :=
+ nline.no 'nline.std :=
+ cap.yes 'cap.std :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.prev.this.status}
+{ punct.no 'prev.status.punct :=
+ space.no 'prev.status.space :=
+ quote.no 'prev.status.quote :=
+ nline.no 'prev.status.nline :=
+ punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+ space.no 'this.status.space :=
+ quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+ nline.no 'this.status.nline :=
+ cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {this.status.std}
+{ punct.std 'this.status.punct :=
+ space.std 'this.status.space :=
+ quote.std 'this.status.quote :=
+ nline.std 'this.status.nline :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {cap.status.std}{ cap.std 'status.cap := }
+
+FUNCTION {this.to.prev.status}
+{ this.status.punct 'prev.status.punct :=
+ this.status.space 'prev.status.space :=
+ this.status.quote 'prev.status.quote :=
+ this.status.nline 'prev.status.nline :=
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {not}
+{ { #0 }
+ { #1 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {and}
+{ { skip$ }
+ { pop$ #0 }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {or}
+{ { pop$ #1 }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% convert the strings "yes" or "no" to #1 or #0 respectively
+FUNCTION {yes.no.to.int}
+{ "l" change.case$ duplicate$
+ "yes" =
+ { pop$ #1 }
+ { duplicate$ "no" =
+ { pop$ #0 }
+ { "unknown boolean " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
+ " in " * cite$ * warning$
+ #0
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% pushes true if the single char string on the stack is in the
+% range of "0" to "9"
+FUNCTION {is.num}
+{ chr.to.int$
+ duplicate$ "0" chr.to.int$ < not
+ swap$ "9" chr.to.int$ > not and
+}
+
+% multiplies the integer on the stack by a factor of 10
+FUNCTION {bump.int.mag}
+{ #0 'multiresult :=
+ { duplicate$ #0 > }
+ { #1 -
+ multiresult #10 +
+ 'multiresult :=
+ }
+ while$
+pop$
+multiresult
+}
+
+% converts a single character string on the stack to an integer
+FUNCTION {char.to.integer}
+{ duplicate$
+ is.num
+ { chr.to.int$ "0" chr.to.int$ - }
+ {"noninteger character " quote$ * swap$ * quote$ *
+ " in integer field of " * cite$ * warning$
+ #0
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% converts a string on the stack to an integer
+FUNCTION {string.to.integer}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ 'namesleft :=
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ #0 'numnames :=
+ { nameptr namesleft > not }
+ { duplicate$ nameptr #1 substring$
+ char.to.integer numnames bump.int.mag +
+ 'numnames :=
+ nameptr #1 +
+ 'nameptr :=
+ }
+ while$
+pop$
+numnames
+}
+
+
+
+
+% The output routines write out the *next* to the top (previous) item on the
+% stack, adding punctuation and such as needed. Since IEEEtran.bst maintains
+% the output status for the top two items on the stack, these output
+% routines have to consider the previous output status (which corresponds to
+% the item that is being output). Full independent control of punctuation,
+% closing quote marks, spacing, and newblock is provided.
+%
+% "output.nonnull" does not check for the presence of a previous empty
+% item.
+%
+% "output" does check for the presence of a previous empty item and will
+% remove an empty item rather than outputing it.
+%
+% "output.warn" is like "output", but will issue a warning if it detects
+% an empty item.
+
+FUNCTION {output.nonnull}
+{ swap$
+ prev.status.punct punct.comma =
+ { "," * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ prev.status.punct punct.period =
+ { add.period$ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ prev.status.quote quote.close =
+ { "''" * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ prev.status.space space.normal =
+ { " " * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ prev.status.space space.large =
+ { large.space * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ write$
+ prev.status.nline nline.newblock =
+ { newline$ "\newblock " write$ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ 'pop$
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {output.warn}
+{ 't :=
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "empty " t * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'output.nonnull
+ if$
+}
+
+% "fin.entry" is the output routine that handles the last item of the entry
+% (which will be on the top of the stack when "fin.entry" is called).
+
+FUNCTION {fin.entry}
+{ this.status.punct punct.no =
+ { skip$ }
+ { add.period$ }
+ if$
+ this.status.quote quote.close =
+ { "''" * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+write$
+newline$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {is.last.char.not.punct}
+{ duplicate$
+ "}" * add.period$
+ #-1 #1 substring$ "." =
+}
+
+FUNCTION {is.multiple.pages}
+{ 't :=
+ #0 'multiresult :=
+ { multiresult not
+ t empty$ not
+ and
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$
+ duplicate$ "-" =
+ swap$ duplicate$ "," =
+ swap$ "+" =
+ or or
+ { #1 'multiresult := }
+ { t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't := }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+ multiresult
+}
+
+FUNCTION {capitalize}{ "u" change.case$ "t" change.case$ }
+
+FUNCTION {emphasize}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { "\emph{" swap$ * "}" * }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {do.name.latex.cmd}
+{ name.latex.cmd
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { name.latex.cmd "{" * swap$ * "}" * }
+ if$
+}
+
+% IEEEtran.bst uses its own \BIBforeignlanguage command which directly
+% invokes the TeX hyphenation patterns without the need of the Babel
+% package. Babel does a lot more than switch hyphenation patterns and
+% its loading can cause unintended effects in many class files (such as
+% IEEEtran.cls).
+FUNCTION {select.language}
+{ duplicate$ empty$ 'pop$
+ { language empty$ 'skip$
+ { "\BIBforeignlanguage{" language * "}{" * swap$ * "}" * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {tie.or.space.prefix}
+{ duplicate$ text.length$ #3 <
+ { "~" }
+ { " " }
+ if$
+ swap$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {get.bbl.editor}
+{ editor num.names$ #1 > 'bbl.editors 'bbl.editor if$ }
+
+FUNCTION {space.word}{ " " swap$ * " " * }
+
+
+% Field Conditioners, Converters, Checkers and External Interfaces
+
+FUNCTION {empty.field.to.null.string}
+{ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ "" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {either.or.check}
+{ empty$
+ { pop$ }
+ { "can't use both " swap$ * " fields in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {empty.entry.warn}
+{ author empty$ title empty$ howpublished empty$
+ month empty$ year empty$ note empty$ url empty$
+ and and and and and and
+ { "all relevant fields are empty in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ 'skip$
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% The bibinfo system provides a way for the electronic parsing/acquisition
+% of a bibliography's contents as is done by ReVTeX. For example, a field
+% could be entered into the bibliography as:
+% \bibinfo{volume}{2}
+% Only the "2" would show up in the document, but the LaTeX \bibinfo command
+% could do additional things with the information. IEEEtran.bst does provide
+% a \bibinfo command via "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}". However, it is
+% currently not used as the bogus bibinfo functions defined here output the
+% entry values directly without the \bibinfo wrapper. The bibinfo functions
+% themselves (and the calls to them) are retained for possible future use.
+%
+% bibinfo.check avoids acting on missing fields while bibinfo.warn will
+% issue a warning message if a missing field is detected. Prior to calling
+% the bibinfo functions, the user should push the field value and then its
+% name string, in that order.
+
+FUNCTION {bibinfo.check}
+{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
+ { pop$ pop$ "" }
+ { duplicate$ empty$
+ { swap$ pop$ }
+ { swap$ pop$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {bibinfo.warn}
+{ swap$ duplicate$ missing$
+ { swap$ "missing " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ pop$ "" }
+ { duplicate$ empty$
+ { swap$ "empty " swap$ * " in " * cite$ * warning$ }
+ { swap$ pop$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% IEEE separates large numbers with more than 4 digits into groups of
+% three. IEEE uses a small space to separate these number groups.
+% Typical applications include patent and page numbers.
+
+% number of consecutive digits required to trigger the group separation.
+FUNCTION {large.number.trigger}{ #5 }
+
+% For numbers longer than the trigger, this is the blocksize of the groups.
+% The blocksize must be less than the trigger threshold, and 2 * blocksize
+% must be greater than the trigger threshold (can't do more than one
+% separation on the initial trigger).
+FUNCTION {large.number.blocksize}{ #3 }
+
+% What is actually inserted between the number groups.
+FUNCTION {large.number.separator}{ "\," }
+
+% So as to save on integer variables by reusing existing ones, numnames
+% holds the current number of consecutive digits read and nameptr holds
+% the number that will trigger an inserted space.
+FUNCTION {large.number.separate}
+{ 't :=
+ ""
+ #0 'numnames :=
+ large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
+ { t empty$ not }
+ { t #-1 #1 substring$ is.num
+ { numnames #1 + 'numnames := }
+ { #0 'numnames :=
+ large.number.trigger 'nameptr :=
+ }
+ if$
+ t #-1 #1 substring$ swap$ *
+ t #-2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ numnames nameptr =
+ { duplicate$ #1 nameptr large.number.blocksize - substring$ swap$
+ nameptr large.number.blocksize - #1 + global.max$ substring$
+ large.number.separator swap$ * *
+ nameptr large.number.blocksize - 'numnames :=
+ large.number.blocksize #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+% Converts all single dashes "-" to double dashes "--".
+FUNCTION {n.dashify}
+{ large.number.separate
+ 't :=
+ ""
+ { t empty$ not }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" =
+ { t #1 #2 substring$ "--" = not
+ { "--" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ { { t #1 #1 substring$ "-" = }
+ { "-" *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ while$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$ *
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+}
+
+
+% This function detects entries with names that are identical to that of
+% the previous entry and replaces the repeated names with dashes (if the
+% "is.dash.repeated.names" user control is nonzero).
+FUNCTION {name.or.dash}
+{ 's :=
+ oldname empty$
+ { s 'oldname := s }
+ { s oldname =
+ { is.dash.repeated.names
+ { repeated.name.dashes }
+ { s 'oldname := s }
+ if$
+ }
+ { s 'oldname := s }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% Converts the number string on the top of the stack to
+% "numerical ordinal form" (e.g., "7" to "7th"). There is
+% no artificial limit to the upper bound of the numbers as the
+% two least significant digits determine the ordinal form.
+FUNCTION {num.to.ordinal}
+{ duplicate$ #-2 #1 substring$ "1" =
+ { bbl.th * }
+ { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "1" =
+ { bbl.st * }
+ { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "2" =
+ { bbl.nd * }
+ { duplicate$ #-1 #1 substring$ "3" =
+ { bbl.rd * }
+ { bbl.th * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% If the string on the top of the stack begins with a number,
+% (e.g., 11th) then replace the string with the leading number
+% it contains. Otherwise retain the string as-is. s holds the
+% extracted number, t holds the part of the string that remains
+% to be scanned.
+FUNCTION {extract.num}
+{ duplicate$ 't :=
+ "" 's :=
+ { t empty$ not }
+ { t #1 #1 substring$
+ t #2 global.max$ substring$ 't :=
+ duplicate$ is.num
+ { s swap$ * 's := }
+ { pop$ "" 't := }
+ if$
+ }
+ while$
+ s empty$
+ 'skip$
+ { pop$ s }
+ if$
+}
+
+% Converts the word number string on the top of the stack to
+% Arabic string form. Will be successful up to "tenth".
+FUNCTION {word.to.num}
+{ duplicate$ "l" change.case$ 's :=
+ s "first" =
+ { pop$ "1" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "second" =
+ { pop$ "2" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "third" =
+ { pop$ "3" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "fourth" =
+ { pop$ "4" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "fifth" =
+ { pop$ "5" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "sixth" =
+ { pop$ "6" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "seventh" =
+ { pop$ "7" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "eighth" =
+ { pop$ "8" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "ninth" =
+ { pop$ "9" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ s "tenth" =
+ { pop$ "10" }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% Converts the string on the top of the stack to numerical
+% ordinal (e.g., "11th") form.
+FUNCTION {convert.edition}
+{ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
+ { extract.num
+ num.to.ordinal
+ }
+ { word.to.num
+ duplicate$ #1 #1 substring$ is.num
+ { num.to.ordinal }
+ { "edition ordinal word " quote$ * edition * quote$ *
+ " may be too high (or improper) for conversion" * " in " * cite$ * warning$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LATEX BIBLIOGRAPHY CODE %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {start.entry}
+{ newline$
+ "\bibitem{" write$
+ cite$ write$
+ "}" write$
+ newline$
+ ""
+ initialize.prev.this.status
+}
+
+% Here we write out all the LaTeX code that we will need. The most involved
+% code sequences are those that control the alternate interword spacing and
+% foreign language hyphenation patterns. The heavy use of \providecommand
+% gives users a way to override the defaults. Special thanks to Javier Bezos,
+% Johannes Braams, Robin Fairbairns, Heiko Oberdiek, Donald Arseneau and all
+% the other gurus on comp.text.tex for their help and advice on the topic of
+% \selectlanguage, Babel and BibTeX.
+FUNCTION {begin.bib}
+{ "% Generated by IEEEtran.bst, version: " bst.file.version * " (" * bst.file.date * ")" *
+ write$ newline$
+ preamble$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { preamble$ write$ newline$ }
+ if$
+ "\begin{thebibliography}{" longest.label * "}" *
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\url}[1]{#1}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\csname url@samestyle\endcsname"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\newblock}{\relax}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=0pt\relax}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"
+ ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing}{\spaceskip=\fontdimen2\font plus "
+ write$ newline$
+ "\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor\fontdimen3\font minus \fontdimen4\font\relax}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\BIBforeignlanguage}[2]{{%"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\expandafter\ifx\csname l@#1\endcsname\relax"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\typeout{** WARNING: IEEEtran.bst: No hyphenation pattern has been}%"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\typeout{** loaded for the language `#1'. Using the pattern for}%"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\typeout{** the default language instead.}%"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\else"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\language=\csname l@#1\endcsname"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\fi"
+ write$ newline$
+ "#2}}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\providecommand{\BIBdecl}{\relax}"
+ write$ newline$
+ "\BIBdecl"
+ write$ newline$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {end.bib}
+{ newline$ "\end{thebibliography}" write$ newline$ }
+
+FUNCTION {if.url.alt.interword.spacing}
+{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+ {url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentryALTinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$}
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {if.url.std.interword.spacing}
+{ is.use.alt.interword.spacing
+ {url empty$ 'skip$ {"\BIBentrySTDinterwordspacing" write$ newline$} if$}
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% LONGEST LABEL PASS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+FUNCTION {initialize.longest.label}
+{ "" 'longest.label :=
+ #1 'number.label :=
+ #0 'longest.label.width :=
+}
+
+FUNCTION {longest.label.pass}
+{ type$ "ieeetranbstctl" =
+ { skip$ }
+ { number.label int.to.str$ 'label :=
+ number.label #1 + 'number.label :=
+ label width$ longest.label.width >
+ { label 'longest.label :=
+ label width$ 'longest.label.width :=
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% FORMAT HANDLERS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+%% Lower Level Formats (used by higher level formats)
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.org.or.pub.date}
+{ 't :=
+ ""
+ year empty$
+ { "empty year in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ address empty$ t empty$ and
+ year empty$ and month empty$ and
+ { skip$ }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ address "address" bibinfo.check *
+ t empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=
+ space.large 'prev.status.space :=
+ address empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { ": " * }
+ if$
+ t *
+ }
+ if$
+ year empty$ month empty$ and
+ { skip$ }
+ { t empty$ address empty$ and
+ { skip$ }
+ { ", " * }
+ if$
+ month empty$
+ { year empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { year "year" bibinfo.check * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { month "month" bibinfo.check *
+ year empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { " " * year "year" bibinfo.check * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.names}
+{ 'bibinfo :=
+ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$ {
+ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ 's :=
+ "" 't :=
+ #1 'nameptr :=
+ s num.names$ 'numnames :=
+ numnames 'namesleft :=
+ { namesleft #0 > }
+ { s nameptr
+ name.format.string
+ format.name$
+ bibinfo bibinfo.check
+ 't :=
+ nameptr #1 >
+ { nameptr num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al #1 + =
+ numnames max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >
+ is.forced.et.al and and
+ { "others" 't :=
+ #1 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ namesleft #1 >
+ { ", " * t do.name.latex.cmd * }
+ { s nameptr "{ll}" format.name$ duplicate$ "others" =
+ { 't := }
+ { pop$ }
+ if$
+ t "others" =
+ { " " * bbl.etal emphasize * }
+ { numnames #2 >
+ { "," * }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ bbl.and
+ space.word * t do.name.latex.cmd *
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { t do.name.latex.cmd }
+ if$
+ nameptr #1 + 'nameptr :=
+ namesleft #1 - 'namesleft :=
+ }
+ while$
+ cap.status.std
+ } if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%% Higher Level Formats
+
+%% addresses/locations
+
+FUNCTION {format.address}
+{ address duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% author/editor names
+
+FUNCTION {format.authors}{ author "author" format.names }
+
+FUNCTION {format.editors}
+{ editor "editor" format.names duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { ", " *
+ get.bbl.editor
+ capitalize
+ *
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% date
+
+FUNCTION {format.date}
+{
+ month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+ { swap$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ if$
+ *
+ }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ swap$ 'skip$
+ {
+ swap$
+ " " * swap$
+ }
+ if$
+ *
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.date.electronic}
+{ month "month" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+ year "year" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$
+ { swap$
+ { pop$ }
+ { "there's a month but no year in " cite$ * warning$
+ pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ *
+ this.to.prev.status
+ punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+ space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+ quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+ cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { swap$
+ { swap$ pop$ ")" * "(" swap$ * }
+ { "(" swap$ * ", " * swap$ * ")" * }
+ if$
+ this.to.prev.status
+ punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+ space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+ quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+ cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% edition/title
+
+% Note: IEEE considers the edition to be closely associated with
+% the title of a book. So, in IEEEtran.bst the edition is normally handled
+% within the formatting of the title. The format.edition function is
+% retained here for possible future use.
+FUNCTION {format.edition}
+{ edition duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ convert.edition
+ status.cap
+ { "t" }
+ { "l" }
+ if$ change.case$
+ "edition" bibinfo.check
+ "~" * bbl.edition *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% This is used to format the booktitle of a conference proceedings.
+% Here we use the "intype" field to provide the user a way to
+% override the word "in" (e.g., with things like "presented at")
+% Use of intype stops the emphasis of the booktitle to indicate that
+% we no longer mean the written conference proceedings, but the
+% conference itself.
+FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle}
+{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ select.language
+ intype missing$
+ { emphasize
+ bbl.in " " *
+ }
+ { intype " " * }
+ if$
+ swap$ *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+% This is used to format the booktitle of collection.
+% Here the "intype" field is not supported, but "edition" is.
+FUNCTION {format.in.booktitle.edition}
+{ booktitle "booktitle" bibinfo.check duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ select.language
+ emphasize
+ edition empty$ 'skip$
+ { ", " *
+ edition
+ convert.edition
+ "l" change.case$
+ * "~" * bbl.edition *
+ }
+ if$
+ bbl.in " " * swap$ *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.title}
+{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ "t" change.case$
+ }
+ if$
+ "title" bibinfo.check
+ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { quote.close 'this.status.quote :=
+ is.last.char.not.punct
+ { punct.std 'this.status.punct := }
+ { punct.no 'this.status.punct := }
+ if$
+ select.language
+ "``" swap$ *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.article.title.electronic}
+{ title duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ "t" change.case$
+ }
+ if$
+ "title" bibinfo.check
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { select.language }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.title.edition}
+{ title "title" bibinfo.check
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { "empty title in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ select.language
+ emphasize
+ edition empty$ 'skip$
+ { ", " *
+ edition
+ convert.edition
+ status.cap
+ { "t" }
+ { "l" }
+ if$
+ change.case$
+ * "~" * bbl.edition *
+ }
+ if$
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.book.title}
+{ title "title" bibinfo.check
+ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ select.language
+ emphasize
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% journal
+
+FUNCTION {format.journal}
+{ journal duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ select.language
+ emphasize
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% how published
+
+FUNCTION {format.howpublished}
+{ howpublished duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% institutions/organization/publishers/school
+
+FUNCTION {format.institution}
+{ institution duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.organization}
+{ organization duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date}
+{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.warn format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.publisher.date.nowarn}
+{ publisher "publisher" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.address.organization.date}
+{ organization "organization" bibinfo.check format.address.org.or.pub.date }
+
+FUNCTION {format.school}
+{ school duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% volume/number/series/chapter/pages
+
+FUNCTION {format.volume}
+{ volume empty.field.to.null.string
+ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ bbl.volume
+ status.cap
+ { capitalize }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ swap$ tie.or.space.prefix
+ "volume" bibinfo.check
+ * *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.number}
+{ number empty.field.to.null.string
+ duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ status.cap
+ { bbl.number capitalize }
+ { bbl.number }
+ if$
+ swap$ tie.or.space.prefix
+ "number" bibinfo.check
+ * *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.number.if.use.for.article}
+{ is.use.number.for.article
+ { format.number }
+ { "" }
+ if$
+}
+
+% IEEE does not seem to tie the series so closely with the volume
+% and number as is done in other bibliography styles. Instead the
+% series is treated somewhat like an extension of the title.
+FUNCTION {format.series}
+{ series empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ bbl.series " " *
+ series "series" bibinfo.check *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.chapter}
+{ chapter empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ type empty$
+ { bbl.chapter }
+ { type "l" change.case$
+ "type" bibinfo.check
+ }
+ if$
+ chapter tie.or.space.prefix
+ "chapter" bibinfo.check
+ * *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+% The intended use of format.paper is for paper numbers of inproceedings.
+% The paper type can be overridden via the type field.
+% We allow the type to be displayed even if the paper number is absent
+% for things like "postdeadline paper"
+FUNCTION {format.paper}
+{ is.use.paper
+ { paper empty$
+ { type empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ type "type" bibinfo.check
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ type empty$
+ { bbl.paper }
+ { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+ if$
+ " " * paper
+ "paper" bibinfo.check
+ *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "" }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+FUNCTION {format.pages}
+{ pages duplicate$ empty$ 'skip$
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ duplicate$ is.multiple.pages
+ {
+ bbl.pages swap$
+ n.dashify
+ }
+ {
+ bbl.page swap$
+ }
+ if$
+ tie.or.space.prefix
+ "pages" bibinfo.check
+ * *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% technical report number
+
+FUNCTION {format.tech.report.number}
+{ number "number" bibinfo.check
+ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.status.std
+ type duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$
+ bbl.techrep
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ "type" bibinfo.check
+ swap$ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ }
+ { tie.or.space.prefix * * }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% note
+
+FUNCTION {format.note}
+{ note empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ punct.period 'this.status.punct :=
+ note #1 #1 substring$
+ duplicate$ "{" =
+ { skip$ }
+ { status.cap
+ { "u" }
+ { "l" }
+ if$
+ change.case$
+ }
+ if$
+ note #2 global.max$ substring$ * "note" bibinfo.check
+ cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+%% patent
+
+FUNCTION {format.patent.date}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ year empty$
+ { monthfiled duplicate$ empty$
+ { "monthfiled" bibinfo.check pop$ "" }
+ { "monthfiled" bibinfo.check }
+ if$
+ dayfiled duplicate$ empty$
+ { "dayfiled" bibinfo.check pop$ "" * }
+ { "dayfiled" bibinfo.check
+ monthfiled empty$
+ { "dayfiled without a monthfiled in " cite$ * warning$
+ *
+ }
+ { " " swap$ * * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ yearfiled empty$
+ { "no year or yearfiled in " cite$ * warning$ }
+ { yearfiled "yearfiled" bibinfo.check
+ swap$
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ }
+ { ", " * swap$ * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ }
+ { month duplicate$ empty$
+ { "month" bibinfo.check pop$ "" }
+ { "month" bibinfo.check }
+ if$
+ day duplicate$ empty$
+ { "day" bibinfo.check pop$ "" * }
+ { "day" bibinfo.check
+ month empty$
+ { "day without a month in " cite$ * warning$
+ *
+ }
+ { " " swap$ * * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ year "year" bibinfo.check
+ swap$
+ duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$ }
+ { ", " * swap$ * }
+ if$
+ }
+ if$
+ cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.patent.nationality.type.number}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ nationality duplicate$ empty$
+ { "nationality" bibinfo.warn pop$ "" }
+ { "nationality" bibinfo.check
+ duplicate$ "l" change.case$ "united states" =
+ { pop$ bbl.patentUS }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ " " *
+ }
+ if$
+ type empty$
+ { bbl.patent "type" bibinfo.check }
+ { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+ if$
+ *
+ number duplicate$ empty$
+ { "number" bibinfo.warn pop$ }
+ { "number" bibinfo.check
+ large.number.separate
+ swap$ " " * swap$ *
+ }
+ if$
+ cap.status.std
+}
+
+
+
+%% standard
+
+FUNCTION {format.organization.institution.standard.type.number}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ organization duplicate$ empty$
+ { pop$
+ institution duplicate$ empty$
+ { "institution" bibinfo.warn }
+ { "institution" bibinfo.warn " " * }
+ if$
+ }
+ { "organization" bibinfo.warn " " * }
+ if$
+ type empty$
+ { bbl.standard "type" bibinfo.check }
+ { type "type" bibinfo.check }
+ if$
+ *
+ number duplicate$ empty$
+ { "number" bibinfo.check pop$ }
+ { "number" bibinfo.check
+ large.number.separate
+ swap$ " " * swap$ *
+ }
+ if$
+ cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.revision}
+{ revision empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ bbl.revision
+ revision tie.or.space.prefix
+ "revision" bibinfo.check
+ * *
+ cap.status.std
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+%% thesis
+
+FUNCTION {format.master.thesis.type}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ type empty$
+ {
+ bbl.mthesis
+ }
+ {
+ type "type" bibinfo.check
+ }
+ if$
+cap.status.std
+}
+
+FUNCTION {format.phd.thesis.type}
+{ this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ type empty$
+ {
+ bbl.phdthesis
+ }
+ {
+ type "type" bibinfo.check
+ }
+ if$
+cap.status.std
+}
+
+
+
+%% URL
+
+FUNCTION {format.url}
+{ url empty$
+ { "" }
+ { this.to.prev.status
+ this.status.std
+ cap.yes 'status.cap :=
+ name.url.prefix " " *
+ "\url{" * url * "}" *
+ punct.no 'this.status.punct :=
+ punct.period 'prev.status.punct :=
+ space.normal 'this.status.space :=
+ space.normal 'prev.status.space :=
+ quote.no 'this.status.quote :=
+ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY HANDLERS %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+
+% Note: In many journals, IEEE (or the authors) tend not to show the number
+% for articles, so the display of the number is controlled here by the
+% switch "is.use.number.for.article"
+FUNCTION {article}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.journal "journal" bibinfo.check "journal" output.warn
+ format.volume output
+ format.number.if.use.for.article output
+ format.pages output
+ format.date "year" output.warn
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {book}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors "author and editor" output.warn }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull }
+ if$
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title.edition output
+ format.series output
+ author empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { format.editors output }
+ if$
+ format.address.publisher.date output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {booklet}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.date output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {electronic}
+{ std.status.using.period
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.date.electronic output
+ format.article.title.electronic output
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ empty.entry.warn
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inbook}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ author empty$
+ { format.editors "author and editor" output.warn }
+ { format.authors output.nonnull }
+ if$
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title.edition output
+ format.series output
+ format.address.publisher.date output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ format.chapter output
+ format.pages output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {incollection}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.in.booktitle.edition "booktitle" output.warn
+ format.series output
+ format.editors output
+ format.address.publisher.date.nowarn output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ format.chapter output
+ format.pages output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {inproceedings}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.in.booktitle "booktitle" output.warn
+ format.series output
+ format.editors output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ publisher empty$
+ { format.address.organization.date output }
+ { format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address.publisher.date output
+ }
+ if$
+ format.paper output
+ format.pages output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {manual}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title.edition "title" output.warn
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.date output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {mastersthesis}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.master.thesis.type output.nonnull
+ format.school "school" bibinfo.warn output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.date "year" output.warn
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {misc}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title output
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.pages output
+ format.date output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ empty.entry.warn
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {patent}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title output
+ format.patent.nationality.type.number output
+ format.patent.date output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ empty.entry.warn
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {periodical}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.editors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title "title" output.warn
+ format.series output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.date "year" output.warn
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {phdthesis}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.phd.thesis.type output.nonnull
+ format.school "school" bibinfo.warn output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.date "year" output.warn
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {proceedings}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.editors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title "title" output.warn
+ format.series output
+ format.volume output
+ format.number output
+ publisher empty$
+ { format.address.organization.date output }
+ { format.organization "organization" bibinfo.check output
+ format.address.publisher.date output
+ }
+ if$
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {standard}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors output
+ name.or.dash
+ format.book.title "title" output.warn
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.organization.institution.standard.type.number output
+ format.revision output
+ format.date output
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {techreport}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.howpublished "howpublished" bibinfo.check output
+ format.institution "institution" bibinfo.warn output
+ format.address "address" bibinfo.check output
+ format.tech.report.number output.nonnull
+ format.date "year" output.warn
+ format.note output
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+FUNCTION {unpublished}
+{ std.status.using.comma
+ start.entry
+ if.url.alt.interword.spacing
+ format.authors "author" output.warn
+ name.or.dash
+ format.article.title "title" output.warn
+ format.date output
+ format.note "note" output.warn
+ format.url output
+ fin.entry
+ if.url.std.interword.spacing
+}
+
+
+% The special entry type which provides the user interface to the
+% BST controls
+FUNCTION {IEEEtranBSTCTL}
+{ is.print.banners.to.terminal
+ { "** IEEEtran BST control entry " quote$ * cite$ * quote$ * " detected." *
+ top$
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+ CTLuse_article_number
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLuse_article_number
+ yes.no.to.int
+ 'is.use.number.for.article :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLuse_paper
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLuse_paper
+ yes.no.to.int
+ 'is.use.paper :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLuse_forced_etal
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLuse_forced_etal
+ yes.no.to.int
+ 'is.forced.et.al :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLmax_names_forced_etal
+ string.to.integer
+ 'max.num.names.before.forced.et.al :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLnames_show_etal
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLnames_show_etal
+ string.to.integer
+ 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLuse_alt_spacing
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLuse_alt_spacing
+ yes.no.to.int
+ 'is.use.alt.interword.spacing :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLalt_stretch_factor
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLalt_stretch_factor
+ 'ALTinterwordstretchfactor :=
+ "\renewcommand{\BIBentryALTinterwordstretchfactor}{"
+ ALTinterwordstretchfactor * "}" *
+ write$ newline$
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLdash_repeated_names
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLdash_repeated_names
+ yes.no.to.int
+ 'is.dash.repeated.names :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLname_format_string
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLname_format_string
+ 'name.format.string :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLname_latex_cmd
+ empty$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLname_latex_cmd
+ 'name.latex.cmd :=
+ }
+ if$
+ CTLname_url_prefix
+ missing$
+ { skip$ }
+ { CTLname_url_prefix
+ 'name.url.prefix :=
+ }
+ if$
+
+
+ num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al max.num.names.before.forced.et.al >
+ { "CTLnames_show_etal cannot be greater than CTLmax_names_forced_etal in " cite$ * warning$
+ max.num.names.before.forced.et.al 'num.names.shown.with.forced.et.al :=
+ }
+ { skip$ }
+ if$
+}
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% ENTRY ALIASES %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+FUNCTION {conference}{inproceedings}
+FUNCTION {online}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {internet}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {webpage}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {www}{electronic}
+FUNCTION {default.type}{misc}
+
+
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%% MAIN PROGRAM %%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+READ
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.controls}
+EXECUTE {initialize.status.constants}
+EXECUTE {banner.message}
+
+EXECUTE {initialize.longest.label}
+ITERATE {longest.label.pass}
+
+EXECUTE {begin.bib}
+ITERATE {call.type$}
+EXECUTE {end.bib}
+
+EXECUTE{completed.message}
+
+
+%% That's all folks, mds.
diff --git a/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.cls b/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.cls
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5681714
--- /dev/null
+++ b/branches/candidate/IEEEtran.cls
@@ -0,0 +1,4702 @@
+%%
+%% IEEEtran.cls 2007/03/05 version V1.7a
+%%
+%%
+%% This is the official IEEE LaTeX class for authors of the Institute of
+%% Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions journals and
+%% conferences.
+%%
+%% Support sites:
+%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/
+%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/
+%% and
+%% http://www.ieee.org/
+%%
+%% Based on the original 1993 IEEEtran.cls, but with many bug fixes
+%% and enhancements (from both JVH and MDS) over the 1996/7 version.
+%%
+%%
+%% Contributors:
+%% Gerry Murray (1993), Silvano Balemi (1993),
+%% Jon Dixon (1996), Peter N"uchter (1996),
+%% Juergen von Hagen (2000), and Michael Shell (2001-2007)
+%%
+%%
+%% Copyright (c) 1993-2000 by Gerry Murray, Silvano Balemi,
+%% Jon Dixon, Peter N"uchter,
+%% Juergen von Hagen
+%% and
+%% Copyright (c) 2001-2007 by Michael Shell
+%%
+%% Current maintainer (V1.3 to V1.7): Michael Shell
+%% See:
+%% http://www.michaelshell.org/
+%% for current contact information.
+%%
+%% Special thanks to Peter Wilson (CUA) and Donald Arseneau
+%% for allowing the inclusion of the \@ifmtarg command
+%% from their ifmtarg LaTeX package.
+%%
+%%*************************************************************************
+%% Legal Notice:
+%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or
+%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
+%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE!
+%% User assumes all risk.
+%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for
+%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental,
+%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse
+%% of any information contained here.
+%%
+%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not
+%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE.
+%%
+%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL)
+%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used,
+%% distributed and modified. A copy of the LPPL, version 1.3, is included
+%% in the base LaTeX documentation of all distributions of LaTeX released
+%% 2003/12/01 or later.
+%% Retain all contribution notices and credits.
+%% ** Modified files should be clearly indicated as such, including **
+%% ** renaming them and changing author support contact information. **
+%%
+%% File list of work: IEEEtran.cls, IEEEtran_HOWTO.pdf, bare_adv.tex,
+%% bare_conf.tex, bare_jrnl.tex, bare_jrnl_compsoc.tex
+%%
+%% Major changes to the user interface should be indicated by an
+%% increase in the version numbers. If a version is a beta, it will
+%% be indicated with a BETA suffix, i.e., 1.4 BETA.
+%% Small changes can be indicated by appending letters to the version
+%% such as "IEEEtran_v14a.cls".
+%% In all cases, \Providesclass, any \typeout messages to the user,
+%% \IEEEtransversionmajor and \IEEEtransversionminor must reflect the
+%% correct version information.
+%% The changes should also be documented via source comments.
+%%*************************************************************************
+%%
+%
+% Available class options
+% e.g., \documentclass[10pt,conference]{IEEEtran}
+%
+% *** choose only one from each category ***
+%
+% 9pt, 10pt, 11pt, 12pt
+% Sets normal font size. The default is 10pt.
+%
+% conference, journal, technote, peerreview, peerreviewca
+% determines format mode - conference papers, journal papers,
+% correspondence papers (technotes), or peer review papers. The user
+% should also select 9pt when using technote. peerreview is like
+% journal mode, but provides for a single-column "cover" title page for
+% anonymous peer review. The paper title (without the author names) is
+% repeated at the top of the page after the cover page. For peer review
+% papers, the \IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle command must be executed (will
+% automatically be ignored for non-peerreview modes) at the place the
+% cover page is to end, usually just after the abstract (keywords are
+% not normally used with peer review papers). peerreviewca is like
+% peerreview, but allows the author names to be entered and formatted
+% as with conference mode so that author affiliation and contact
+% information can be easily seen on the cover page.
+% The default is journal.
+%
+% draft, draftcls, draftclsnofoot, final
+% determines if paper is formatted as a widely spaced draft (for
+% handwritten editor comments) or as a properly typeset final version.
+% draftcls restricts draft mode to the class file while all other LaTeX
+% packages (i.e., \usepackage{graphicx}) will behave as final - allows
+% for a draft paper with visible figures, etc. draftclsnofoot is like
+% draftcls, but does not display the date and the word "DRAFT" at the foot
+% of the pages. If using one of the draft modes, the user will probably
+% also want to select onecolumn.
+% The default is final.
+%
+% letterpaper, a4paper
+% determines paper size: 8.5in X 11in or 210mm X 297mm. CHANGING THE PAPER
+% SIZE WILL NOT ALTER THE TYPESETTING OF THE DOCUMENT - ONLY THE MARGINS
+% WILL BE AFFECTED. In particular, documents using the a4paper option will
+% have reduced side margins (A4 is narrower than US letter) and a longer
+% bottom margin (A4 is longer than US letter). For both cases, the top
+% margins will be the same and the text will be horizontally centered.
+% For final submission to IEEE, authors should use US letter (8.5 X 11in)
+% paper. Note that authors should ensure that all post-processing
+% (ps, pdf, etc.) uses the same paper specificiation as the .tex document.
+% Problems here are by far the number one reason for incorrect margins.
+% IEEEtran will automatically set the default paper size under pdflatex
+% (without requiring a change to pdftex.cfg), so this issue is more
+% important to dvips users. Fix config.ps, config.pdf, or ~/.dvipsrc for
+% dvips, or use the dvips -t papersize option instead as needed. See the
+% testflow documentation
+% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/testflow
+% for more details on dvips paper size configuration.
+% The default is letterpaper.
+%
+% oneside, twoside
+% determines if layout follows single sided or two sided (duplex)
+% printing. The only notable change is with the headings at the top of
+% the pages.
+% The default is oneside.
+%
+% onecolumn, twocolumn
+% determines if text is organized into one or two columns per page. One
+% column mode is usually used only with draft papers.
+% The default is twocolumn.
+%
+% compsoc
+% Use the format of the IEEE Computer Society.
+%
+% romanappendices
+% Use the "Appendix I" convention when numbering appendices. IEEEtran.cls
+% now defaults to Alpha "Appendix A" convention - the opposite of what
+% v1.6b and earlier did.
+%
+% captionsoff
+% disables the display of the figure/table captions. Some IEEE journals
+% request that captions be removed and figures/tables be put on pages
+% of their own at the end of an initial paper submission. The endfloat
+% package can be used with this class option to achieve this format.
+%
+% nofonttune
+% turns off tuning of the font interword spacing. Maybe useful to those
+% not using the standard Times fonts or for those who have already "tuned"
+% their fonts.
+% The default is to enable IEEEtran to tune font parameters.
+%
+%
+%----------
+% Available CLASSINPUTs provided (all are macros unless otherwise noted):
+% \CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch
+% \CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin
+% \CLASSINPUToutersidemargin
+% \CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin
+% \CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin
+%
+% Available CLASSINFOs provided:
+% \ifCLASSINFOpdf (TeX if conditional)
+% \CLASSINFOpaperwidth (macro)
+% \CLASSINFOpaperheight (macro)
+% \CLASSINFOnormalsizebaselineskip (length)
+% \CLASSINFOnormalsizeunitybaselineskip (length)
+%
+% Available CLASSOPTIONs provided:
+% all class option flags (TeX if conditionals) unless otherwise noted,
+% e.g., \ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
+% point size options provided as a single macro:
+% \CLASSOPTIONpt
+% which will be defined as 9, 10, 11, or 12 depending on the document's
+% normalsize point size.
+% also, class option peerreviewca implies the use of class option peerreview
+% and classoption draft implies the use of class option draftcls
+
+
+
+
+
+\ProvidesClass{IEEEtran}[2007/03/05 V1.7a by Michael Shell]
+\typeout{-- See the "IEEEtran_HOWTO" manual for usage information.}
+\typeout{-- http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/}
+\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
+
+% IEEEtran.cls version numbers, provided as of V1.3
+% These values serve as a way a .tex file can
+% determine if the new features are provided.
+% The version number of this IEEEtrans.cls can be obtained from
+% these values. i.e., V1.4
+% KEEP THESE AS INTEGERS! i.e., NO {4a} or anything like that-
+% (no need to enumerate "a" minor changes here)
+\def\IEEEtransversionmajor{1}
+\def\IEEEtransversionminor{7}
+
+% These do nothing, but provide them like in article.cls
+\newif\if@restonecol
+\newif\if@titlepage
+
+
+% class option conditionals
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONonecolumn \CLASSOPTIONonecolumnfalse
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn \CLASSOPTIONtwocolumntrue
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONoneside \CLASSOPTIONonesidetrue
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtwoside \CLASSOPTIONtwosidefalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONfinal \CLASSOPTIONfinaltrue
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraft \CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsfalse
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview \CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreviewca \CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONjournal \CLASSOPTIONjournaltrue
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONconference \CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote \CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONnofonttune \CLASSOPTIONnofonttunefalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff \CLASSOPTIONcaptionsofffalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc \CLASSOPTIONcompsocfalse
+
+\newif\ifCLASSOPTIONromanappendices \CLASSOPTIONromanappendicesfalse
+
+
+% class info conditionals
+
+% indicates if pdf (via pdflatex) output
+\newif\ifCLASSINFOpdf \CLASSINFOpdffalse
+
+
+% V1.6b internal flag to show if using a4paper
+\newif\if@IEEEusingAfourpaper \@IEEEusingAfourpaperfalse
+
+
+
+% IEEEtran class scratch pad registers
+% dimen
+\newdimen\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA
+\newdimen\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB
+% count
+\newcount\@IEEEtrantmpcountA
+\newcount\@IEEEtrantmpcountB
+% token list
+\newtoks\@IEEEtrantmptoksA
+
+% we use \CLASSOPTIONpt so that we can ID the point size (even for 9pt docs)
+% as well as LaTeX's \@ptsize to retain some compatability with some
+% external packages
+\def\@ptsize{0}
+% LaTeX does not support 9pt, so we set \@ptsize to 0 - same as that of 10pt
+\DeclareOption{9pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{9}\def\@ptsize{0}}
+\DeclareOption{10pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{10}\def\@ptsize{0}}
+\DeclareOption{11pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{11}\def\@ptsize{1}}
+\DeclareOption{12pt}{\def\CLASSOPTIONpt{12}\def\@ptsize{2}}
+
+
+
+\DeclareOption{letterpaper}{\setlength{\paperheight}{11in}%
+ \setlength{\paperwidth}{8.5in}%
+ \@IEEEusingAfourpaperfalse
+ \def\CLASSOPTIONpaper{letter}%
+ \def\CLASSINFOpaperwidth{8.5in}%
+ \def\CLASSINFOpaperheight{11in}}
+
+
+\DeclareOption{a4paper}{\setlength{\paperheight}{297mm}%
+ \setlength{\paperwidth}{210mm}%
+ \@IEEEusingAfourpapertrue
+ \def\CLASSOPTIONpaper{a4}%
+ \def\CLASSINFOpaperwidth{210mm}%
+ \def\CLASSINFOpaperheight{297mm}}
+
+\DeclareOption{oneside}{\@twosidefalse\@mparswitchfalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONonesidetrue\CLASSOPTIONtwosidefalse}
+\DeclareOption{twoside}{\@twosidetrue\@mparswitchtrue
+ \CLASSOPTIONtwosidetrue\CLASSOPTIONonesidefalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{onecolumn}{\CLASSOPTIONonecolumntrue\CLASSOPTIONtwocolumnfalse}
+\DeclareOption{twocolumn}{\CLASSOPTIONtwocolumntrue\CLASSOPTIONonecolumnfalse}
+
+% If the user selects draft, then this class AND any packages
+% will go into draft mode.
+\DeclareOption{draft}{\CLASSOPTIONdrafttrue\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
+ \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse}
+% draftcls is for a draft mode which will not affect any packages
+% used by the document.
+\DeclareOption{draftcls}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
+ \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse}
+% draftclsnofoot is like draftcls, but without the footer.
+\DeclareOption{draftclsnofoot}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclstrue
+ \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoottrue}
+\DeclareOption{final}{\CLASSOPTIONdraftfalse\CLASSOPTIONdraftclsfalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofootfalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{journal}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONjournaltrue\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{conference}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencetrue\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{technote}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewfalse\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotetrue}
+
+\DeclareOption{peerreview}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewtrue\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcafalse
+ \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{peerreviewca}{\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewtrue\CLASSOPTIONpeerreviewcatrue
+ \CLASSOPTIONjournalfalse\CLASSOPTIONconferencefalse\CLASSOPTIONtechnotefalse}
+
+\DeclareOption{nofonttune}{\CLASSOPTIONnofonttunetrue}
+
+\DeclareOption{captionsoff}{\CLASSOPTIONcaptionsofftrue}
+
+\DeclareOption{compsoc}{\CLASSOPTIONcompsoctrue}
+
+\DeclareOption{romanappendices}{\CLASSOPTIONromanappendicestrue}
+
+
+% default to US letter paper, 10pt, twocolumn, one sided, final, journal
+\ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,10pt,twocolumn,oneside,final,journal}
+% overrride these defaults per user requests
+\ProcessOptions
+
+
+
+% Computer Society conditional execution command
+\long\def\@IEEEcompsoconly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\relax#1\relax\fi\relax}
+% inverse
+\long\def\@IEEEnotcompsoconly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\else\relax#1\relax\fi\relax}
+% compsoc conference
+\long\def\@IEEEcompsocconfonly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\relax#1\relax\fi\fi\relax}
+% compsoc not conference
+\long\def\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly#1{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\else\relax#1\relax\fi\fi\relax}
+
+
+% IEEE uses Times Roman font, so we'll default to Times.
+% These three commands make up the entire times.sty package.
+\renewcommand{\sfdefault}{phv}
+\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ptm}
+\renewcommand{\ttdefault}{pcr}
+
+\@IEEEcompsoconly{\typeout{-- Using IEEE Computer Society mode.}}
+
+% V1.7 compsoc nonconference papers, use Palatino/Palladio as the main text font,
+% not Times Roman.
+\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\renewcommand{\rmdefault}{ppl}}
+
+% enable Times/Palatino main text font
+\normalfont\selectfont
+
+
+
+
+
+% V1.7 conference notice message hook
+\def\@IEEEconsolenoticeconference{\typeout{}%
+\typeout{** Conference Paper **}%
+\typeout{Before submitting the final camera ready copy, remember to:}%
+\typeout{}%
+\typeout{ 1. Manually equalize the lengths of two columns on the last page}%
+\typeout{ of your paper;}%
+\typeout{}%
+\typeout{ 2. Ensure that any PostScript and/or PDF output post-processing}%
+\typeout{ uses only Type 1 fonts and that every step in the generation}%
+\typeout{ process uses the appropriate paper size.}%
+\typeout{}}
+
+
+% we can send console reminder messages to the user here
+\AtEndDocument{\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\@IEEEconsolenoticeconference\fi}
+
+
+% warn about the use of single column other than for draft mode
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn\else%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls\else%
+ \typeout{** ATTENTION: Single column mode is not typically used with IEEE publications.}%
+ \fi%
+\fi
+
+
+% V1.7 improved paper size setting code.
+% Set pdfpage and dvips paper sizes. Conditional tests are similar to that
+% of ifpdf.sty. Retain within {} to ensure tested macros are never altered,
+% even if only effect is to set them to \relax.
+% if \pdfoutput is undefined or equal to relax, output a dvips special
+{\@ifundefined{pdfoutput}{\AtBeginDvi{\special{papersize=\CLASSINFOpaperwidth,\CLASSINFOpaperheight}}}{%
+% pdfoutput is defined and not equal to \relax
+% check for pdfpageheight existence just in case someone sets pdfoutput
+% under non-pdflatex. If exists, set them regardless of value of \pdfoutput.
+\@ifundefined{pdfpageheight}{\relax}{\global\pdfpagewidth\paperwidth
+\global\pdfpageheight\paperheight}%
+% if using \pdfoutput=0 under pdflatex, send dvips papersize special
+\ifcase\pdfoutput
+\AtBeginDvi{\special{papersize=\CLASSINFOpaperwidth,\CLASSINFOpaperheight}}%
+\else
+% we are using pdf output, set CLASSINFOpdf flag
+\global\CLASSINFOpdftrue
+\fi}}
+
+% let the user know the selected papersize
+\typeout{-- Using \CLASSINFOpaperwidth\space x \CLASSINFOpaperheight\space
+(\CLASSOPTIONpaper)\space paper.}
+
+\ifCLASSINFOpdf
+\typeout{-- Using PDF output.}
+\else
+\typeout{-- Using DVI output.}
+\fi
+
+
+% The idea hinted here is for LaTeX to generate markleft{} and markright{}
+% automatically for you after you enter \author{}, \journal{},
+% \journaldate{}, journalvol{}, \journalnum{}, etc.
+% However, there may be some backward compatibility issues here as
+% well as some special applications for IEEEtran.cls and special issues
+% that may require the flexible \markleft{}, \markright{} and/or \markboth{}.
+% We'll leave this as an open future suggestion.
+%\newcommand{\journal}[1]{\def\@journal{#1}}
+%\def\@journal{}
+
+
+
+% pointsize values
+% used with ifx to determine the document's normal size
+\def\@IEEEptsizenine{9}
+\def\@IEEEptsizeten{10}
+\def\@IEEEptsizeeleven{11}
+\def\@IEEEptsizetwelve{12}
+
+
+
+% FONT DEFINITIONS (No sizexx.clo file needed)
+% V1.6 revised font sizes, displayskip values and
+% revised normalsize baselineskip to reduce underfull vbox problems
+% on the 58pc = 696pt = 9.5in text height we want
+% normalsize #lines/column baselineskip (aka leading)
+% 9pt 63 11.0476pt (truncated down)
+% 10pt 58 12pt (exact)
+% 11pt 52 13.3846pt (truncated down)
+% 12pt 50 13.92pt (exact)
+%
+
+% we need to store the nominal baselineskip for the given font size
+% in case baselinestretch ever changes.
+% this is a dimen, so it will not hold stretch or shrink
+\newdimen\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip
+\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\baselineskip
+
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
+\typeout{-- This is a 9 point document.}
+\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{9}{11.0476pt}}%
+\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{11.0476pt}%
+\normalsize
+\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus3pt minus1pt%
+\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip%
+\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus3pt%
+\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus3pt minus1pt
+\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{8.5}{10pt}}
+\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8}{9pt}}
+\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7}{8pt}}
+\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5}{6pt}}
+% sublargesize is the same as large - 10pt
+\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{10}{12pt}}
+\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{10}{12pt}}
+\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{12}{14pt}}
+\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{14}{17pt}}
+\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{17}{20pt}}
+\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{20}{24pt}}
+\fi
+
+
+% Check if we have selected 10 points
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten
+\typeout{-- This is a 10 point document.}
+\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{10}{12.00pt}}%
+\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{12pt}%
+\normalsize
+\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus4pt minus2pt%
+\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip%
+\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus4pt%
+\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus4pt minus2pt
+\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{9}{10pt}}
+\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{8}{9pt}}
+\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{7}{8pt}}
+\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{5}{6pt}}
+% sublargesize is a tad smaller than large - 11pt
+\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{11}{13.4pt}}
+\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12}{14pt}}
+\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14}{17pt}}
+\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17}{20pt}}
+\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20}{24pt}}
+\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
+\fi
+
+
+% Check if we have selected 11 points
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven
+\typeout{-- This is an 11 point document.}
+\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{11}{13.3846pt}}%
+\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.3846pt}%
+\normalsize
+\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus5pt minus3pt%
+\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip%
+\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus5pt%
+\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus5pt minus3pt
+\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10}{12pt}}
+\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9}{10.5pt}}
+\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8}{9pt}}
+\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6}{7pt}}
+% sublargesize is the same as large - 12pt
+\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{12}{14pt}}
+\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{12}{14pt}}
+\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{14}{17pt}}
+\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{17}{20pt}}
+\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{20}{24pt}}
+\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
+\fi
+
+
+% Check if we have selected 12 points
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve
+\typeout{-- This is a 12 point document.}
+\def\normalsize{\@setfontsize{\normalsize}{12}{13.92pt}}%
+\setlength{\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}{13.92pt}%
+\normalsize
+\abovedisplayskip 1.5ex plus6pt minus4pt%
+\belowdisplayskip \abovedisplayskip%
+\abovedisplayshortskip 0pt plus6pt%
+\belowdisplayshortskip 1.5ex plus6pt minus4pt
+\def\small{\@setfontsize{\small}{10}{12pt}}
+\def\footnotesize{\@setfontsize{\footnotesize}{9}{10.5pt}}
+\def\scriptsize{\@setfontsize{\scriptsize}{8}{9pt}}
+\def\tiny{\@setfontsize{\tiny}{6}{7pt}}
+% sublargesize is the same as large - 14pt
+\def\sublargesize{\@setfontsize{\sublargesize}{14}{17pt}}
+\def\large{\@setfontsize{\large}{14}{17pt}}
+\def\Large{\@setfontsize{\Large}{17}{20pt}}
+\def\LARGE{\@setfontsize{\LARGE}{20}{24pt}}
+\def\huge{\@setfontsize{\huge}{22}{26pt}}
+\def\Huge{\@setfontsize{\Huge}{24}{28pt}}
+\fi
+
+
+% V1.6 The Computer Modern Fonts will issue a substitution warning for
+% 24pt titles (24.88pt is used instead) increase the substitution
+% tolerance to turn off this warning
+\def\fontsubfuzz{.9pt}
+% However, the default (and correct) Times font will scale exactly as needed.
+
+
+% warn the user in case they forget to use the 9pt option with
+% technote
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote%
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine\else%
+ \typeout{** ATTENTION: Technotes are normally 9pt documents.}%
+ \fi%
+\fi
+
+
+% V1.7
+% Improved \textunderscore to provide a much better fake _ when used with
+% OT1 encoding. Under OT1, detect use of pcr or cmtt \ttfamily and use
+% available true _ glyph for those two typewriter fonts.
+\def\@IEEEstringptm{ptm} % Times Roman family
+\def\@IEEEstringppl{ppl} % Palatino Roman family
+\def\@IEEEstringphv{phv} % Helvetica Sans Serif family
+\def\@IEEEstringpcr{pcr} % Courier typewriter family
+\def\@IEEEstringcmtt{cmtt} % Computer Modern typewriter family
+\DeclareTextCommandDefault{\textunderscore}{\leavevmode
+\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringpcr\string_\else
+\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringcmtt\string_\else
+\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringptm\kern 0em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.5em\@height 0.5pt\kern -0.3ex}\else
+\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringppl\kern 0em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.5em\@height 0.5pt\kern -0.3ex}\else
+\ifx\f@family\@IEEEstringphv\kern -0.03em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.62em\@height 0.52pt\kern -0.33ex}\kern -0.03em\else
+\kern 0.09em\vbox{\hrule\@width 0.6em\@height 0.44pt\kern -0.63pt\kern -0.42ex}\kern 0.09em\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\relax}
+
+
+
+
+% set the default \baselinestretch
+\def\baselinestretch{1}
+\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \def\baselinestretch{1.5}% default baselinestretch for draft modes
+\fi
+
+
+% process CLASSINPUT baselinestretch
+\ifx\CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch\@IEEEundefined
+\else
+ \edef\baselinestretch{\CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch} % user CLASSINPUT override
+ \typeout{** ATTENTION: Overriding \string\baselinestretch\space to
+ \baselinestretch\space via \string\CLASSINPUT.}
+\fi
+
+\normalsize % make \baselinestretch take affect
+
+
+
+
+% store the normalsize baselineskip
+\newdimen\CLASSINFOnormalsizebaselineskip
+\CLASSINFOnormalsizebaselineskip=\baselineskip\relax
+% and the normalsize unity (baselinestretch=1) baselineskip
+% we could save a register by giving the user access to
+% \@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip. However, let's protect
+% its read only internal status
+\newdimen\CLASSINFOnormalsizeunitybaselineskip
+\CLASSINFOnormalsizeunitybaselineskip=\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\relax
+% store the nominal value of jot
+\newdimen\IEEEnormaljot
+\IEEEnormaljot=0.25\baselineskip\relax
+
+% set \jot
+\jot=\IEEEnormaljot\relax
+
+
+
+
+% V1.6, we are now going to fine tune the interword spacing
+% The default interword glue for Times under TeX appears to use a
+% nominal interword spacing of 25% (relative to the font size, i.e., 1em)
+% a maximum of 40% and a minimum of 19%.
+% For example, 10pt text uses an interword glue of:
+%
+% 2.5pt plus 1.49998pt minus 0.59998pt
+%
+% However, IEEE allows for a more generous range which reduces the need
+% for hyphenation, especially for two column text. Furthermore, IEEE
+% tends to use a little bit more nominal space between the words.
+% IEEE's interword spacing percentages appear to be:
+% 35% nominal
+% 23% minimum
+% 50% maximum
+% (They may even be using a tad more for the largest fonts such as 24pt.)
+%
+% for bold text, IEEE increases the spacing a little more:
+% 37.5% nominal
+% 23% minimum
+% 55% maximum
+
+% here are the interword spacing ratios we'll use
+% for medium (normal weight)
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceratioM{0.35}
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceMINratioM{0.23}
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceMAXratioM{0.50}
+
+% for bold
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceratioB{0.375}
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceMINratioB{0.23}
+\def\@IEEEinterspaceMAXratioB{0.55}
+
+
+% command to revise the interword spacing for the current font under TeX:
+% \fontdimen2 = nominal interword space
+% \fontdimen3 = interword stretch
+% \fontdimen4 = interword shrink
+% since all changes to the \fontdimen are global, we can enclose these commands
+% in braces to confine any font attribute or length changes
+\def\@@@IEEEsetfontdimens#1#2#3{{%
+\setlength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}{\f@size pt}% grab the font size in pt, could use 1em instead.
+\setlength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{#1\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}%
+\fontdimen2\font=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\relax
+\addtolength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{-#2\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}%
+\fontdimen3\font=-\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\relax
+\setlength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{#1\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}%
+\addtolength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{-#3\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}%
+\fontdimen4\font=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\relax}}
+
+% revise the interword spacing for each font weight
+\def\@@IEEEsetfontdimens{{%
+\mdseries
+\@@@IEEEsetfontdimens{\@IEEEinterspaceratioM}{\@IEEEinterspaceMAXratioM}{\@IEEEinterspaceMINratioM}%
+\bfseries
+\@@@IEEEsetfontdimens{\@IEEEinterspaceratioB}{\@IEEEinterspaceMAXratioB}{\@IEEEinterspaceMINratioB}%
+}}
+
+% revise the interword spacing for each font shape
+% \slshape is not often used for IEEE work and is not altered here. The \scshape caps are
+% already a tad too large in the free LaTeX fonts (as compared to what IEEE uses) so we
+% won't alter these either.
+\def\@IEEEsetfontdimens{{%
+\normalfont
+\@@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\normalfont\itshape
+\@@IEEEsetfontdimens
+}}
+
+% command to revise the interword spacing for each font size (and shape
+% and weight). Only the \rmfamily is done here as \ttfamily uses a
+% fixed spacing and \sffamily is not used as the main text of IEEE papers.
+\def\@IEEEtunefonts{{\selectfont\rmfamily
+\tiny\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\scriptsize\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\footnotesize\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\small\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\normalsize\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\sublargesize\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\large\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\LARGE\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\huge\@IEEEsetfontdimens
+\Huge\@IEEEsetfontdimens}}
+
+% if the nofonttune class option is not given, revise the interword spacing
+% now - in case IEEEtran makes any default length measurements, and make
+% sure all the default fonts are loaded
+\ifCLASSOPTIONnofonttune\else
+\@IEEEtunefonts
+\fi
+
+% and again at the start of the document in case the user loaded different fonts
+\AtBeginDocument{\ifCLASSOPTIONnofonttune\else\@IEEEtunefonts\fi}
+
+
+
+% V1.6
+% LaTeX is a little to quick to use hyphenations
+% So, we increase the penalty for their use and raise
+% the badness level that triggers an underfull hbox
+% warning. The author may still have to tweak things,
+% but the appearance will be much better "right out
+% of the box" than that under V1.5 and prior.
+% TeX default is 50
+\hyphenpenalty=750
+% If we didn't adjust the interword spacing, 2200 might be better.
+% The TeX default is 1000
+\hbadness=1350
+% IEEE does not use extra spacing after punctuation
+\frenchspacing
+
+% V1.7 increase this a tad to discourage equation breaks
+\binoppenalty=1000 % default 700
+\relpenalty=800 % default 500
+
+
+% margin note stuff
+\marginparsep 10pt
+\marginparwidth 20pt
+\marginparpush 25pt
+
+
+% if things get too close, go ahead and let them touch
+\lineskip 0pt
+\normallineskip 0pt
+\lineskiplimit 0pt
+\normallineskiplimit 0pt
+
+% The distance from the lower edge of the text body to the
+% footline
+\footskip 0.4in
+
+% normally zero, should be relative to font height.
+% put in a little rubber to help stop some bad breaks (underfull vboxes)
+\parskip 0ex plus 0.2ex minus 0.1ex
+
+\parindent 1.0em
+
+\topmargin -49.0pt
+\headheight 12pt
+\headsep 0.25in
+
+% use the normal font baselineskip
+% so that \topskip is unaffected by changes in \baselinestretch
+\topskip=\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip
+\textheight 58pc % 9.63in, 696pt
+% Tweak textheight to a perfect integer number of lines/page.
+% The normal baselineskip for each document point size is used
+% to determine these values.
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine\textheight=63\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 63 lines/page
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten\textheight=58\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 58 lines/page
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven\textheight=52\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 52 lines/page
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve\textheight=50\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 50 lines/page
+
+
+\columnsep 1pc
+\textwidth 43pc % 2 x 21pc + 1pc = 43pc
+
+
+% the default side margins are equal
+\if@IEEEusingAfourpaper
+\oddsidemargin 14.32mm
+\evensidemargin 14.32mm
+\else
+\oddsidemargin 0.680in
+\evensidemargin 0.680in
+\fi
+% compensate for LaTeX's 1in offset
+\addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-1in}
+\addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-1in}
+
+
+
+% adjust margins for conference mode
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+ \topmargin -0.25in
+ % we retain the reserved, but unused space for headers
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
+ \textheight 9.25in % The standard for conferences (668.4975pt)
+ % Tweak textheight to a perfect integer number of lines/page.
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine\textheight=61\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 61 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten\textheight=56\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 56 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven\textheight=50\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 50 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve\textheight=48\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 48 lines/page
+\fi
+
+
+% compsoc conference
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+ % compsoc conference use a larger value for columnsep
+ \columnsep 0.375in
+ % compsoc conferences want 1in top margin, 1.125in bottom margin
+ \topmargin 0in
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-6pt}% we tweak this a tad to better comply with top of line stuff
+ % we retain the reserved, but unused space for headers
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
+ \textheight 8.875in % (641.39625pt)
+ % Tweak textheight to a perfect integer number of lines/page.
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine\textheight=58\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 58 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeten\textheight=53\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 53 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizeeleven\textheight=48\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 48 lines/page
+ \ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizetwelve\textheight=46\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip\fi % 46 lines/page
+ \textwidth 6.5in
+ % the default side margins are equal
+ \if@IEEEusingAfourpaper
+ \oddsidemargin 22.45mm
+ \evensidemargin 22.45mm
+ \else
+ \oddsidemargin 1in
+ \evensidemargin 1in
+ \fi
+ % compensate for LaTeX's 1in offset
+ \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-1in}
+ \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-1in}
+\fi\fi
+
+
+
+% draft mode settings override that of all other modes
+% provides a nice 1in margin all around the paper and extra
+% space between the lines for editor's comments
+\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ % want 1in from top of paper to text
+ \setlength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}%
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}%
+ % we want 1in side margins regardless of paper type
+ \oddsidemargin 0in
+ \evensidemargin 0in
+ % set the text width
+ \setlength{\textwidth}{\paperwidth}%
+ \addtolength{\textwidth}{-2.0in}%
+ \setlength{\textheight}{\paperheight}%
+ \addtolength{\textheight}{-2.0in}%
+ % digitize textheight to be an integer number of lines.
+ % this may cause the bottom margin to be off a tad
+ \addtolength{\textheight}{-1\topskip}%
+ \divide\textheight by \baselineskip%
+ \multiply\textheight by \baselineskip%
+ \addtolength{\textheight}{\topskip}%
+\fi
+
+
+
+% process CLASSINPUT inner/outer margin
+% if inner margin defined, but outer margin not, set outer to inner.
+\ifx\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin\@IEEEundefined
+\else
+ \ifx\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin\@IEEEundefined
+ \edef\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin{\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+\ifx\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin\@IEEEundefined
+\else
+ % if outer margin defined, but inner margin not, set inner to outer.
+ \ifx\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin\@IEEEundefined
+ \edef\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin{\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin}
+ \fi
+ \setlength{\oddsidemargin}{\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin}
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONtwoside
+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin}
+ \else
+ \setlength{\evensidemargin}{\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin}
+ \fi
+ \addtolength{\oddsidemargin}{-1in}
+ \addtolength{\evensidemargin}{-1in}
+ \setlength{\textwidth}{\paperwidth}
+ \addtolength{\textwidth}{-\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin}
+ \addtolength{\textwidth}{-\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin}
+ \typeout{** ATTENTION: Overriding inner side margin to \CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin\space and
+ outer side margin to \CLASSINPUToutersidemargin\space via \string\CLASSINPUT.}
+\fi
+
+
+
+% process CLASSINPUT top/bottom text margin
+% if toptext margin defined, but bottomtext margin not, set bottomtext to toptext margin
+\ifx\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin\@IEEEundefined
+\else
+ \ifx\CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin\@IEEEundefined
+ \edef\CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin{\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+\ifx\CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin\@IEEEundefined
+\else
+ % if bottomtext margin defined, but toptext margin not, set toptext to bottomtext margin
+ \ifx\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin\@IEEEundefined
+ \edef\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin{\CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin}
+ \fi
+ \setlength{\topmargin}{\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-1in}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headheight}
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-\headsep}
+ \setlength{\textheight}{\paperheight}
+ \addtolength{\textheight}{-\CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin}
+ \addtolength{\textheight}{-\CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin}
+ % in the default format we use the normal baselineskip as topskip
+ % we only need 0.7 of this to clear typical top text and we need
+ % an extra 0.3 spacing at the bottom for descenders. This will
+ % correct for both.
+ \addtolength{\topmargin}{-0.3\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}
+ \typeout{** ATTENTION: Overriding top text margin to \CLASSINPUTtoptextmargin\space and
+ bottom text margin to \CLASSINPUTbottomtextmargin\space via \string\CLASSINPUT.}
+\fi
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+% LIST SPACING CONTROLS
+
+% Controls the amount of EXTRA spacing
+% above and below \trivlist
+% Both \list and IED lists override this.
+% However, \trivlist will use this as will most
+% things built from \trivlist like the \center
+% environment.
+\topsep 0.5\baselineskip
+
+% Controls the additional spacing around lists preceded
+% or followed by blank lines. IEEE does not increase
+% spacing before or after paragraphs so it is set to zero.
+% \z@ is the same as zero, but faster.
+\partopsep \z@
+
+% Controls the spacing between paragraphs in lists.
+% IEEE does not increase spacing before or after paragraphs
+% so this is also zero.
+% With IEEEtran.cls, global changes to
+% this value DO affect lists (but not IED lists).
+\parsep \z@
+
+% Controls the extra spacing between list items.
+% IEEE does not put extra spacing between items.
+% With IEEEtran.cls, global changes to this value DO affect
+% lists (but not IED lists).
+\itemsep \z@
+
+% \itemindent is the amount to indent the FIRST line of a list
+% item. It is auto set to zero within the \list environment. To alter
+% it, you have to do so when you call the \list.
+% However, IEEE uses this for the theorem environment
+% There is an alternative value for this near \leftmargini below
+\itemindent -1em
+
+% \leftmargin, the spacing from the left margin of the main text to
+% the left of the main body of a list item is set by \list.
+% Hence this statement does nothing for lists.
+% But, quote and verse do use it for indention.
+\leftmargin 2em
+
+% we retain this stuff from the older IEEEtran.cls so that \list
+% will work the same way as before. However, itemize, enumerate and
+% description (IED) could care less about what these are as they
+% all are overridden.
+\leftmargini 2em
+%\itemindent 2em % Alternative values: sometimes used.
+%\leftmargini 0em
+\leftmarginii 1em
+\leftmarginiii 1.5em
+\leftmarginiv 1.5em
+\leftmarginv 1.0em
+\leftmarginvi 1.0em
+\labelsep 0.5em
+\labelwidth \z@
+
+
+% The old IEEEtran.cls behavior of \list is retained.
+% However, the new V1.3 IED list environments override all the
+% @list stuff (\@listX is called within \list for the
+% appropriate level just before the user's list_decl is called).
+% \topsep is now 2pt as IEEE puts a little extra space around
+% lists - used by those non-IED macros that depend on \list.
+% Note that \parsep and \itemsep are not redefined as in
+% the sizexx.clo \@listX (which article.cls uses) so global changes
+% of these values DO affect \list
+%
+\def\@listi{\leftmargin\leftmargini \topsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt}
+\let\@listI\@listi
+\def\@listii{\leftmargin\leftmarginii\labelwidth\leftmarginii%
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep 2pt}
+\def\@listiii{\leftmargin\leftmarginiii\labelwidth\leftmarginiii%
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep 2pt}
+\def\@listiv{\leftmargin\leftmarginiv\labelwidth\leftmarginiv%
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep 2pt}
+\def\@listv{\leftmargin\leftmarginv\labelwidth\leftmarginv%
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep 2pt}
+\def\@listvi{\leftmargin\leftmarginvi\labelwidth\leftmarginvi%
+ \advance\labelwidth-\labelsep \topsep 2pt}
+
+
+% IEEE uses 5) not 5.
+\def\labelenumi{\theenumi)} \def\theenumi{\arabic{enumi}}
+
+% IEEE uses a) not (a)
+\def\labelenumii{\theenumii)} \def\theenumii{\alph{enumii}}
+
+% IEEE uses iii) not iii.
+\def\labelenumiii{\theenumiii)} \def\theenumiii{\roman{enumiii}}
+
+% IEEE uses A) not A.
+\def\labelenumiv{\theenumiv)} \def\theenumiv{\Alph{enumiv}}
+
+% exactly the same as in article.cls
+\def\p@enumii{\theenumi}
+\def\p@enumiii{\theenumi(\theenumii)}
+\def\p@enumiv{\p@enumiii\theenumiii}
+
+% itemized list label styles
+\def\labelitemi{$\scriptstyle\bullet$}
+\def\labelitemii{\textbf{--}}
+\def\labelitemiii{$\ast$}
+\def\labelitemiv{$\cdot$}
+
+
+
+% **** V1.3 ENHANCEMENTS ****
+% Itemize, Enumerate and Description (IED) List Controls
+% ***************************
+%
+%
+% IEEE seems to use at least two different values by
+% which ITEMIZED list labels are indented to the right
+% For The Journal of Lightwave Technology (JLT) and The Journal
+% on Selected Areas in Communications (JSAC), they tend to use
+% an indention equal to \parindent. For Transactions on Communications
+% they tend to indent ITEMIZED lists a little more--- 1.3\parindent.
+% We'll provide both values here for you so that you can choose
+% which one you like in your document using a command such as:
+% setlength{\IEEEilabelindent}{\IEEEilabelindentB}
+\newdimen\IEEEilabelindentA
+\IEEEilabelindentA \parindent
+
+\newdimen\IEEEilabelindentB
+\IEEEilabelindentB 1.3\parindent
+% However, we'll default to using \parindent
+% which makes more sense to me
+\newdimen\IEEEilabelindent
+\IEEEilabelindent \IEEEilabelindentA
+
+
+% This controls the default amount the enumerated list labels
+% are indented to the right.
+% Normally, this is the same as the paragraph indention
+\newdimen\IEEEelabelindent
+\IEEEelabelindent \parindent
+
+% This controls the default amount the description list labels
+% are indented to the right.
+% Normally, this is the same as the paragraph indention
+\newdimen\IEEEdlabelindent
+\IEEEdlabelindent \parindent
+
+% This is the value actually used within the IED lists.
+% The IED environments automatically set its value to
+% one of the three values above, so global changes do
+% not have any effect
+\newdimen\IEEElabelindent
+\IEEElabelindent \parindent
+
+% The actual amount labels will be indented is
+% \IEEElabelindent multiplied by the factor below
+% corresponding to the level of nesting depth
+% This provides a means by which the user can
+% alter the effective \IEEElabelindent for deeper
+% levels
+% There may not be such a thing as correct "standard IEEE"
+% values. What IEEE actually does may depend on the specific
+% circumstances.
+% The first list level almost always has full indention.
+% The second levels I've seen have only 75% of the normal indentation
+% Three level or greater nestings are very rare. I am guessing
+% that they don't use any indentation.
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactori{1.0} % almost always one
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactorii{0.75} % 0.0 or 1.0 may be used in some cases
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactoriii{0.0} % 0.75? 0.5? 0.0?
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactoriv{0.0}
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactorv{0.0}
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactorvi{0.0}
+
+% value actually used within IED lists, it is auto
+% set to one of the 6 values above
+% global changes here have no effect
+\def\IEEElabelindentfactor{1.0}
+
+% This controls the default spacing between the end of the IED
+% list labels and the list text, when normal text is used for
+% the labels.
+\newdimen\IEEEiednormlabelsep
+\IEEEiednormlabelsep 0.6em
+
+% This controls the default spacing between the end of the IED
+% list labels and the list text, when math symbols are used for
+% the labels (nomenclature lists). IEEE usually increases the
+% spacing in these cases
+\newdimen\IEEEiedmathlabelsep
+\IEEEiedmathlabelsep 1.2em
+
+% This controls the extra vertical separation put above and
+% below each IED list. IEEE usually puts a little extra spacing
+% around each list. However, this spacing is barely noticeable.
+\newskip\IEEEiedtopsep
+\IEEEiedtopsep 2pt plus 1pt minus 1pt
+
+
+% This command is executed within each IED list environment
+% at the beginning of the list. You can use this to set the
+% parameters for some/all your IED list(s) without disturbing
+% global parameters that affect things other than lists.
+% i.e., renewcommand{\IEEEiedlistdecl}{\setlength{\labelsep}{5em}}
+% will alter the \labelsep for the next list(s) until
+% \IEEEiedlistdecl is redefined.
+\def\IEEEiedlistdecl{\relax}
+
+% This command provides an easy way to set \leftmargin based
+% on the \labelwidth, \labelsep and the argument \IEEElabelindent
+% Usage: \IEEEcalcleftmargin{width-to-indent-the-label}
+% output is in the \leftmargin variable, i.e., effectively:
+% \leftmargin = argument + \labelwidth + \labelsep
+% Note controlled spacing here, shield end of lines with %
+\def\IEEEcalcleftmargin#1{\setlength{\leftmargin}{#1}%
+\addtolength{\leftmargin}{\labelwidth}%
+\addtolength{\leftmargin}{\labelsep}}
+
+% This command provides an easy way to set \labelwidth to the
+% width of the given text. It is the same as
+% \settowidth{\labelwidth}{label-text}
+% and useful as a shorter alternative.
+% Typically used to set \labelwidth to be the width
+% of the longest label in the list
+\def\IEEEsetlabelwidth#1{\settowidth{\labelwidth}{#1}}
+
+% When this command is executed, IED lists will use the
+% IEEEiedmathlabelsep label separation rather than the normal
+% spacing. To have an effect, this command must be executed via
+% the \IEEEiedlistdecl or within the option of the IED list
+% environments.
+\def\IEEEusemathlabelsep{\setlength{\labelsep}{\IEEEiedmathlabelsep}}
+
+% A flag which controls whether the IED lists automatically
+% calculate \leftmargin from \IEEElabelindent, \labelwidth and \labelsep
+% Useful if you want to specify your own \leftmargin
+% This flag must be set (\IEEEnocalcleftmargintrue or \IEEEnocalcleftmarginfalse)
+% via the \IEEEiedlistdecl or within the option of the IED list
+% environments to have an effect.
+\newif\ifIEEEnocalcleftmargin
+\IEEEnocalcleftmarginfalse
+
+% A flag which controls whether \IEEElabelindent is multiplied by
+% the \IEEElabelindentfactor for each list level.
+% This flag must be set via the \IEEEiedlistdecl or within the option
+% of the IED list environments to have an effect.
+\newif\ifIEEEnolabelindentfactor
+\IEEEnolabelindentfactorfalse
+
+
+% internal variable to indicate type of IED label
+% justification
+% 0 - left; 1 - center; 2 - right
+\def\@IEEEiedjustify{0}
+
+
+% commands to allow the user to control IED
+% label justifications. Use these commands within
+% the IED environment option or in the \IEEEiedlistdecl
+% Note that changing the normal list justifications
+% is nonstandard and IEEE may not like it if you do so!
+% I include these commands as they may be helpful to
+% those who are using these enhanced list controls for
+% other non-IEEE related LaTeX work.
+% itemize and enumerate automatically default to right
+% justification, description defaults to left.
+\def\IEEEiedlabeljustifyl{\def\@IEEEiedjustify{0}}%left
+\def\IEEEiedlabeljustifyc{\def\@IEEEiedjustify{1}}%center
+\def\IEEEiedlabeljustifyr{\def\@IEEEiedjustify{2}}%right
+
+
+
+
+% commands to save to and restore from the list parameter copies
+% this allows us to set all the list parameters within
+% the list_decl and prevent \list (and its \@list)
+% from overriding any of our parameters
+% V1.6 use \edefs instead of dimen's to conserve dimen registers
+% Note controlled spacing here, shield end of lines with %
+\def\@IEEEsavelistparams{\edef\@IEEEiedtopsep{\the\topsep}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedlabelwidth{\the\labelwidth}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedlabelsep{\the\labelsep}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedleftmargin{\the\leftmargin}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedpartopsep{\the\partopsep}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedparsep{\the\parsep}%
+\edef\@IEEEieditemsep{\the\itemsep}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedrightmargin{\the\rightmargin}%
+\edef\@IEEEiedlistparindent{\the\listparindent}%
+\edef\@IEEEieditemindent{\the\itemindent}}
+
+% Note controlled spacing here
+\def\@IEEErestorelistparams{\topsep\@IEEEiedtopsep\relax%
+\labelwidth\@IEEEiedlabelwidth\relax%
+\labelsep\@IEEEiedlabelsep\relax%
+\leftmargin\@IEEEiedleftmargin\relax%
+\partopsep\@IEEEiedpartopsep\relax%
+\parsep\@IEEEiedparsep\relax%
+\itemsep\@IEEEieditemsep\relax%
+\rightmargin\@IEEEiedrightmargin\relax%
+\listparindent\@IEEEiedlistparindent\relax%
+\itemindent\@IEEEieditemindent\relax}
+
+
+% v1.6b provide original LaTeX IED list environments
+% note that latex.ltx defines \itemize and \enumerate, but not \description
+% which must be created by the base classes
+% save original LaTeX itemize and enumerate
+\let\LaTeXitemize\itemize
+\let\endLaTeXitemize\enditemize
+\let\LaTeXenumerate\enumerate
+\let\endLaTeXenumerate\endenumerate
+
+% provide original LaTeX description environment from article.cls
+\newenvironment{LaTeXdescription}
+ {\list{}{\labelwidth\z@ \itemindent-\leftmargin
+ \let\makelabel\descriptionlabel}}
+ {\endlist}
+\newcommand*\descriptionlabel[1]{\hspace\labelsep
+ \normalfont\bfseries #1}
+
+
+% override LaTeX's default IED lists
+\def\itemize{\@IEEEitemize}
+\def\enditemize{\@endIEEEitemize}
+\def\enumerate{\@IEEEenumerate}
+\def\endenumerate{\@endIEEEenumerate}
+\def\description{\@IEEEdescription}
+\def\enddescription{\@endIEEEdescription}
+
+% provide the user with aliases - may help those using packages that
+% override itemize, enumerate, or description
+\def\IEEEitemize{\@IEEEitemize}
+\def\endIEEEitemize{\@endIEEEitemize}
+\def\IEEEenumerate{\@IEEEenumerate}
+\def\endIEEEenumerate{\@endIEEEenumerate}
+\def\IEEEdescription{\@IEEEdescription}
+\def\endIEEEdescription{\@endIEEEdescription}
+
+
+% V1.6 we want to keep the IEEEtran IED list definitions as our own internal
+% commands so they are protected against redefinition
+\def\@IEEEitemize{\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEitemize}{\@@IEEEitemize[\relax]}}
+\def\@IEEEenumerate{\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEenumerate}{\@@IEEEenumerate[\relax]}}
+\def\@IEEEdescription{\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEdescription}{\@@IEEEdescription[\relax]}}
+\def\@endIEEEitemize{\endlist}
+\def\@endIEEEenumerate{\endlist}
+\def\@endIEEEdescription{\endlist}
+
+
+% DO NOT ALLOW BLANK LINES TO BE IN THESE IED ENVIRONMENTS
+% AS THIS WILL FORCE NEW PARAGRAPHS AFTER THE IED LISTS
+% IEEEtran itemized list MDS 1/2001
+% Note controlled spacing here, shield end of lines with %
+\def\@@IEEEitemize[#1]{%
+ \ifnum\@itemdepth>3\relax\@toodeep\else%
+ \ifnum\@listdepth>5\relax\@toodeep\else%
+ \advance\@itemdepth\@ne%
+ \edef\@itemitem{labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth}%
+ % get the labelindentfactor for this level
+ \advance\@listdepth\@ne% we need to know what the level WILL be
+ \edef\IEEElabelindentfactor{\csname IEEElabelindentfactor\romannumeral\the\@listdepth\endcsname}%
+ \advance\@listdepth-\@ne% undo our increment
+ \def\@IEEEiedjustify{2}% right justified labels are default
+ % set other defaults
+ \IEEEnocalcleftmarginfalse%
+ \IEEEnolabelindentfactorfalse%
+ \topsep\IEEEiedtopsep%
+ \IEEElabelindent\IEEEilabelindent%
+ \labelsep\IEEEiednormlabelsep%
+ \partopsep 0ex%
+ \parsep 0ex%
+ \itemsep 0ex%
+ \rightmargin 0em%
+ \listparindent 0em%
+ \itemindent 0em%
+ % calculate the label width
+ % the user can override this later if
+ % they specified a \labelwidth
+ \settowidth{\labelwidth}{\csname labelitem\romannumeral\the\@itemdepth\endcsname}%
+ \@IEEEsavelistparams% save our list parameters
+ \list{\csname\@itemitem\endcsname}{%
+ \@IEEErestorelistparams% override any list{} changes
+ % to our globals
+ \let\makelabel\@IEEEiedmakelabel% v1.6b setup \makelabel
+ \IEEEiedlistdecl% let user alter parameters
+ #1\relax%
+ % If the user has requested not to use the
+ % labelindent factor, don't revise \labelindent
+ \ifIEEEnolabelindentfactor\relax%
+ \else\IEEElabelindent=\IEEElabelindentfactor\labelindent%
+ \fi%
+ % Unless the user has requested otherwise,
+ % calculate our left margin based
+ % on \IEEElabelindent, \labelwidth and
+ % \labelsep
+ \ifIEEEnocalcleftmargin\relax%
+ \else\IEEEcalcleftmargin{\IEEElabelindent}%
+ \fi}\fi\fi}%
+
+
+% DO NOT ALLOW BLANK LINES TO BE IN THESE IED ENVIRONMENTS
+% AS THIS WILL FORCE NEW PARAGRAPHS AFTER THE IED LISTS
+% IEEEtran enumerate list MDS 1/2001
+% Note controlled spacing here, shield end of lines with %
+\def\@@IEEEenumerate[#1]{%
+ \ifnum\@enumdepth>3\relax\@toodeep\else%
+ \ifnum\@listdepth>5\relax\@toodeep\else%
+ \advance\@enumdepth\@ne%
+ \edef\@enumctr{enum\romannumeral\the\@enumdepth}%
+ % get the labelindentfactor for this level
+ \advance\@listdepth\@ne% we need to know what the level WILL be
+ \edef\IEEElabelindentfactor{\csname IEEElabelindentfactor\romannumeral\the\@listdepth\endcsname}%
+ \advance\@listdepth-\@ne% undo our increment
+ \def\@IEEEiedjustify{2}% right justified labels are default
+ % set other defaults
+ \IEEEnocalcleftmarginfalse%
+ \IEEEnolabelindentfactorfalse%
+ \topsep\IEEEiedtopsep%
+ \IEEElabelindent\IEEEelabelindent%
+ \labelsep\IEEEiednormlabelsep%
+ \partopsep 0ex%
+ \parsep 0ex%
+ \itemsep 0ex%
+ \rightmargin 0em%
+ \listparindent 0em%
+ \itemindent 0em%
+ % calculate the label width
+ % We'll set it to the width suitable for all labels using
+ % normalfont 1) to 9)
+ % The user can override this later
+ \settowidth{\labelwidth}{9)}%
+ \@IEEEsavelistparams% save our list parameters
+ \list{\csname label\@enumctr\endcsname}{\usecounter{\@enumctr}%
+ \@IEEErestorelistparams% override any list{} changes
+ % to our globals
+ \let\makelabel\@IEEEiedmakelabel% v1.6b setup \makelabel
+ \IEEEiedlistdecl% let user alter parameters
+ #1\relax%
+ % If the user has requested not to use the
+ % IEEElabelindent factor, don't revise \IEEElabelindent
+ \ifIEEEnolabelindentfactor\relax%
+ \else\IEEElabelindent=\IEEElabelindentfactor\IEEElabelindent%
+ \fi%
+ % Unless the user has requested otherwise,
+ % calculate our left margin based
+ % on \IEEElabelindent, \labelwidth and
+ % \labelsep
+ \ifIEEEnocalcleftmargin\relax%
+ \else\IEEEcalcleftmargin{\IEEElabelindent}%
+ \fi}\fi\fi}%
+
+
+% DO NOT ALLOW BLANK LINES TO BE IN THESE IED ENVIRONMENTS
+% AS THIS WILL FORCE NEW PARAGRAPHS AFTER THE IED LISTS
+% IEEEtran description list MDS 1/2001
+% Note controlled spacing here, shield end of lines with %
+\def\@@IEEEdescription[#1]{%
+ \ifnum\@listdepth>5\relax\@toodeep\else%
+ % get the labelindentfactor for this level
+ \advance\@listdepth\@ne% we need to know what the level WILL be
+ \edef\IEEElabelindentfactor{\csname IEEElabelindentfactor\romannumeral\the\@listdepth\endcsname}%
+ \advance\@listdepth-\@ne% undo our increment
+ \def\@IEEEiedjustify{0}% left justified labels are default
+ % set other defaults
+ \IEEEnocalcleftmarginfalse%
+ \IEEEnolabelindentfactorfalse%
+ \topsep\IEEEiedtopsep%
+ \IEEElabelindent\IEEEdlabelindent%
+ % assume normal labelsep
+ \labelsep\IEEEiednormlabelsep%
+ \partopsep 0ex%
+ \parsep 0ex%
+ \itemsep 0ex%
+ \rightmargin 0em%
+ \listparindent 0em%
+ \itemindent 0em%
+ % Bogus label width in case the user forgets
+ % to set it.
+ % TIP: If you want to see what a variable's width is you
+ % can use the TeX command \showthe\width-variable to
+ % display it on the screen during compilation
+ % (This might be helpful to know when you need to find out
+ % which label is the widest)
+ \settowidth{\labelwidth}{Hello}%
+ \@IEEEsavelistparams% save our list parameters
+ \list{}{\@IEEErestorelistparams% override any list{} changes
+ % to our globals
+ \let\makelabel\@IEEEiedmakelabel% v1.6b setup \makelabel
+ \IEEEiedlistdecl% let user alter parameters
+ #1\relax%
+ % If the user has requested not to use the
+ % labelindent factor, don't revise \IEEElabelindent
+ \ifIEEEnolabelindentfactor\relax%
+ \else\IEEElabelindent=\IEEElabelindentfactor\IEEElabelindent%
+ \fi%
+ % Unless the user has requested otherwise,
+ % calculate our left margin based
+ % on \IEEElabelindent, \labelwidth and
+ % \labelsep
+ \ifIEEEnocalcleftmargin\relax%
+ \else\IEEEcalcleftmargin{\IEEElabelindent}\relax%
+ \fi}\fi}
+
+% v1.6b we use one makelabel that does justification as needed.
+\def\@IEEEiedmakelabel#1{\relax\if\@IEEEiedjustify 0\relax
+\makebox[\labelwidth][l]{\normalfont #1}\else
+\if\@IEEEiedjustify 1\relax
+\makebox[\labelwidth][c]{\normalfont #1}\else
+\makebox[\labelwidth][r]{\normalfont #1}\fi\fi}
+
+
+% VERSE and QUOTE
+% V1.7 define environments with newenvironment
+\newenvironment{verse}{\let\\=\@centercr
+ \list{}{\itemsep\z@ \itemindent -1.5em \listparindent \itemindent
+ \rightmargin\leftmargin\advance\leftmargin 1.5em}\item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+\newenvironment{quotation}{\list{}{\listparindent 1.5em \itemindent\listparindent
+ \rightmargin\leftmargin \parsep 0pt plus 1pt}\item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+\newenvironment{quote}{\list{}{\rightmargin\leftmargin}\item\relax}
+ {\endlist}
+
+
+% \titlepage
+% provided only for backward compatibility. \maketitle is the correct
+% way to create the title page.
+\newif\if@restonecol
+\def\titlepage{\@restonecolfalse\if@twocolumn\@restonecoltrue\onecolumn
+ \else \newpage \fi \thispagestyle{empty}\c@page\z@}
+\def\endtitlepage{\if@restonecol\twocolumn \else \newpage \fi}
+
+% standard values from article.cls
+\arraycolsep 5pt
+\arrayrulewidth .4pt
+\doublerulesep 2pt
+
+\tabcolsep 6pt
+\tabbingsep 0.5em
+
+
+%% FOOTNOTES
+%
+%\skip\footins 10pt plus 4pt minus 2pt
+% V1.6 respond to changes in font size
+% space added above the footnotes (if present)
+\skip\footins 0.9\baselineskip plus 0.4\baselineskip minus 0.2\baselineskip
+
+% V1.6, we need to make \footnotesep responsive to changes
+% in \baselineskip or strange spacings will result when in
+% draft mode. Here is a little LaTeX secret - \footnotesep
+% determines the height of an invisible strut that is placed
+% *above* the baseline of footnotes after the first. Since
+% LaTeX considers the space for characters to be 0.7/baselineskip
+% above the baseline and 0.3/baselineskip below it, we need to
+% use 0.7/baselineskip as a \footnotesep to maintain equal spacing
+% between all the lines of the footnotes. IEEE often uses a tad
+% more, so use 0.8\baselineskip. This slightly larger value also helps
+% the text to clear the footnote marks. Note that \thanks in IEEEtran
+% uses its own value of \footnotesep which is set in \maketitle.
+{\footnotesize
+\global\footnotesep 0.8\baselineskip}
+
+
+\skip\@mpfootins = \skip\footins
+\fboxsep = 3pt
+\fboxrule = .4pt
+% V1.6 use 1em, then use LaTeX2e's \@makefnmark
+% Note that IEEE normally *left* aligns the footnote marks, so we don't need
+% box resizing tricks here.
+\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\indent\hbox{\@makefnmark}#1}% V1.6 use 1em
+% V1.7 compsoc does not use superscipts for footnote marks
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\@IEEEcompsocmakefnmark{\hbox{\normalfont\@thefnmark.\ }}
+\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\indent\hbox{\@IEEEcompsocmakefnmark}#1}
+\fi
+
+% IEEE does not use footnote rules
+\def\footnoterule{}
+
+% V1.7 for compsoc, IEEE uses a footnote rule only for \thanks. We devise a "one-shot"
+% system to implement this.
+\newif\if@IEEEenableoneshotfootnoterule
+\@IEEEenableoneshotfootnoterulefalse
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\footnoterule{\relax\if@IEEEenableoneshotfootnoterule
+\kern-5pt
+\hbox to \columnwidth{\hfill\vrule width 0.5\columnwidth height 0.4pt\hfill}
+\kern4.6pt
+\global\@IEEEenableoneshotfootnoterulefalse
+\else
+\relax
+\fi}
+\fi
+
+% V1.6 do not allow LaTeX to break a footnote across multiple pages
+\interfootnotelinepenalty=10000
+
+% V1.6 discourage breaks within equations
+% Note that amsmath normally sets this to 10000,
+% but LaTeX2e normally uses 100.
+\interdisplaylinepenalty=2500
+
+% default allows section depth up to /paragraph
+\setcounter{secnumdepth}{4}
+
+% technotes do not allow /paragraph
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote
+ \setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
+\fi
+% neither do compsoc conferences
+\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}}
+
+
+\newcounter{section}
+\newcounter{subsection}[section]
+\newcounter{subsubsection}[subsection]
+\newcounter{paragraph}[subsubsection]
+
+% used only by IEEEtran's IEEEeqnarray as other packages may
+% have their own, different, implementations
+\newcounter{IEEEsubequation}[equation]
+
+% as shown when called by user from \ref, \label and in table of contents
+\def\theequation{\arabic{equation}} % 1
+\def\theIEEEsubequation{\theequation\alph{IEEEsubequation}} % 1a (used only by IEEEtran's IEEEeqnarray)
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+% compsoc is all arabic
+\def\thesection{\arabic{section}}
+\def\thesubsection{\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
+\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}
+\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
+\else
+\def\thesection{\Roman{section}} % I
+% V1.7, \mbox prevents breaks around -
+\def\thesubsection{\mbox{\thesection-\Alph{subsection}}} % I-A
+% V1.7 use I-A1 format used by IEEE rather than I-A.1
+\def\thesubsubsection{\thesubsection\arabic{subsubsection}} % I-A1
+\def\theparagraph{\thesubsubsection\alph{paragraph}} % I-A1a
+\fi
+
+% From Heiko Oberdiek. Because of the \mbox in \thesubsection, we need to
+% tell hyperref to disable the \mbox command when making PDF bookmarks.
+% This done already with hyperref.sty version 6.74o and later, but
+% it will not hurt to do it here again for users of older versions.
+\@ifundefined{pdfstringdefPreHook}{\let\pdfstringdefPreHook\@empty}{}%
+\g@addto@macro\pdfstringdefPreHook{\let\mbox\relax}
+
+
+% Main text forms (how shown in main text headings)
+% V1.6, using \thesection in \thesectiondis allows changes
+% in the former to automatically appear in the latter
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference% compsoc conference
+ \def\thesectiondis{\thesection.}
+ \def\thesubsectiondis{\thesectiondis\arabic{subsection}.}
+ \def\thesubsubsectiondis{\thesubsectiondis\arabic{subsubsection}.}
+ \def\theparagraphdis{\thesubsubsectiondis\arabic{paragraph}.}
+ \else% compsoc not conferencs
+ \def\thesectiondis{\thesection}
+ \def\thesubsectiondis{\thesectiondis.\arabic{subsection}}
+ \def\thesubsubsectiondis{\thesubsectiondis.\arabic{subsubsection}}
+ \def\theparagraphdis{\thesubsubsectiondis.\arabic{paragraph}}
+ \fi
+\else% not compsoc
+ \def\thesectiondis{\thesection.} % I.
+ \def\thesubsectiondis{\Alph{subsection}.} % B.
+ \def\thesubsubsectiondis{\arabic{subsubsection})} % 3)
+ \def\theparagraphdis{\alph{paragraph})} % d)
+\fi
+
+% just like LaTeX2e's \@eqnnum
+\def\theequationdis{{\normalfont \normalcolor (\theequation)}}% (1)
+% IEEEsubequation used only by IEEEtran's IEEEeqnarray
+\def\theIEEEsubequationdis{{\normalfont \normalcolor (\theIEEEsubequation)}}% (1a)
+% redirect LaTeX2e's equation number display and all that depend on
+% it, through IEEEtran's \theequationdis
+\def\@eqnnum{\theequationdis}
+
+
+
+% V1.7 provide string macros as article.cls does
+\def\contentsname{Contents}
+\def\listfigurename{List of Figures}
+\def\listtablename{List of Tables}
+\def\refname{References}
+\def\indexname{Index}
+\def\figurename{Fig.}
+\def\tablename{TABLE}
+\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\def\figurename{Figure}\def\tablename{Table}}
+\def\partname{Part}
+\def\appendixname{Appendix}
+\def\abstractname{Abstract}
+% IEEE specific names
+\def\IEEEkeywordsname{Index Terms}
+\def\IEEEproofname{Proof}
+
+
+% LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES AND TABLE OF CONTENTS
+%
+\def\@pnumwidth{1.55em}
+\def\@tocrmarg{2.55em}
+\def\@dotsep{4.5}
+\setcounter{tocdepth}{3}
+
+% adjusted some spacings here so that section numbers will not easily
+% collide with the section titles.
+% VIII; VIII-A; and VIII-A.1 are usually the worst offenders.
+% MDS 1/2001
+\def\tableofcontents{\section*{\contentsname}\@starttoc{toc}}
+\def\l@section#1#2{\addpenalty{\@secpenalty}\addvspace{1.0em plus 1pt}%
+ \@tempdima 2.75em \begingroup \parindent \z@ \rightskip \@pnumwidth%
+ \parfillskip-\@pnumwidth {\bfseries\leavevmode #1}\hfil\hbox to\@pnumwidth{\hss #2}\par%
+ \endgroup}
+% argument format #1:level, #2:labelindent,#3:labelsep
+\def\l@subsection{\@dottedtocline{2}{2.75em}{3.75em}}
+\def\l@subsubsection{\@dottedtocline{3}{6.5em}{4.5em}}
+% must provide \l@ defs for ALL sublevels EVEN if tocdepth
+% is such as they will not appear in the table of contents
+% these defs are how TOC knows what level these things are!
+\def\l@paragraph{\@dottedtocline{4}{6.5em}{5.5em}}
+\def\l@subparagraph{\@dottedtocline{5}{6.5em}{6.5em}}
+\def\listoffigures{\section*{\listfigurename}\@starttoc{lof}}
+\def\l@figure{\@dottedtocline{1}{0em}{2.75em}}
+\def\listoftables{\section*{\listtablename}\@starttoc{lot}}
+\let\l@table\l@figure
+
+
+%% Definitions for floats
+%%
+%% Normal Floats
+\floatsep 1\baselineskip plus 0.2\baselineskip minus 0.2\baselineskip
+\textfloatsep 1.7\baselineskip plus 0.2\baselineskip minus 0.4\baselineskip
+\@fptop 0pt plus 1fil
+\@fpsep 0.75\baselineskip plus 2fil
+\@fpbot 0pt plus 1fil
+\def\topfraction{0.9}
+\def\bottomfraction{0.4}
+\def\floatpagefraction{0.8}
+% V1.7, let top floats approach 90% of page
+\def\textfraction{0.1}
+
+%% Double Column Floats
+\dblfloatsep 1\baselineskip plus 0.2\baselineskip minus 0.2\baselineskip
+
+\dbltextfloatsep 1.7\baselineskip plus 0.2\baselineskip minus 0.4\baselineskip
+% Note that it would be nice if the rubber here actually worked in LaTeX2e.
+% There is a long standing limitation in LaTeX, first discovered (to the best
+% of my knowledge) by Alan Jeffrey in 1992. LaTeX ignores the stretchable
+% portion of \dbltextfloatsep, and as a result, double column figures can and
+% do result in an non-integer number of lines in the main text columns with
+% underfull vbox errors as a consequence. A post to comp.text.tex
+% by Donald Arseneau confirms that this had not yet been fixed in 1998.
+% IEEEtran V1.6 will fix this problem for you in the titles, but it doesn't
+% protect you from other double floats. Happy vspace'ing.
+
+\@dblfptop 0pt plus 1fil
+\@dblfpsep 0.75\baselineskip plus 2fil
+\@dblfpbot 0pt plus 1fil
+\def\dbltopfraction{0.8}
+\def\dblfloatpagefraction{0.8}
+\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{4}
+
+\intextsep 1\baselineskip plus 0.2\baselineskip minus 0.2\baselineskip
+\setcounter{topnumber}{2}
+\setcounter{bottomnumber}{2}
+\setcounter{totalnumber}{4}
+
+
+
+% article class provides these, we should too.
+\newlength\abovecaptionskip
+\newlength\belowcaptionskip
+% but only \abovecaptionskip is used above figure captions and *below* table
+% captions
+\setlength\abovecaptionskip{0.5\baselineskip}
+\setlength\belowcaptionskip{0pt}
+% V1.6 create hooks in case the caption spacing ever needs to be
+% overridden by a user
+\def\@IEEEfigurecaptionsepspace{\vskip\abovecaptionskip\relax}%
+\def\@IEEEtablecaptionsepspace{\vskip\abovecaptionskip\relax}%
+
+
+% 1.6b revise caption system so that \@makecaption uses two arguments
+% as with LaTeX2e. Otherwise, there will be problems when using hyperref.
+\def\@IEEEtablestring{table}
+
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+% V1.7 compsoc \@makecaption
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference% compsoc conference
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+% test if is a for a figure or table
+\ifx\@captype\@IEEEtablestring%
+% if a table, do table caption
+\normalsize\begin{center}{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize {#1.}~ #2}\end{center}%
+\@IEEEtablecaptionsepspace
+% if not a table, format it as a figure
+\else
+\@IEEEfigurecaptionsepspace
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize {#1.}~ #2}%
+\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize%
+% if caption is longer than a line, let it wrap around
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize {#1.}~ }%
+\parbox[t]{\hsize}{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize \noindent\unhbox\@tempboxa#2}%
+% if caption is shorter than a line, center
+\else%
+\hbox to\hsize{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+\fi\fi}
+\else% nonconference compsoc
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+% test if is a for a figure or table
+\ifx\@captype\@IEEEtablestring%
+% if a table, do table caption
+\normalsize\begin{center}{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize #1}\\{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize #2}\end{center}%
+\@IEEEtablecaptionsepspace
+% if not a table, format it as a figure
+\else
+\@IEEEfigurecaptionsepspace
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize {#1.}~ #2}%
+\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize%
+% if caption is longer than a line, let it wrap around
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize {#1.}~ }%
+\parbox[t]{\hsize}{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize \noindent\unhbox\@tempboxa#2}%
+% if caption is shorter than a line, left justify
+\else%
+\hbox to\hsize{\normalfont\sffamily\normalsize\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+\fi\fi}
+\fi
+
+\else% traditional noncompsoc \@makecaption
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{%
+% test if is a for a figure or table
+\ifx\@captype\@IEEEtablestring%
+% if a table, do table caption
+\footnotesize\begin{center}{\normalfont\footnotesize #1}\\{\normalfont\footnotesize\scshape #2}\end{center}%
+\@IEEEtablecaptionsepspace
+% if not a table, format it as a figure
+\else
+\@IEEEfigurecaptionsepspace
+% 3/2001 use footnotesize, not small; use two nonbreaking spaces, not one
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\footnotesize {#1.}~~ #2}%
+\ifdim \wd\@tempboxa >\hsize%
+% if caption is longer than a line, let it wrap around
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{\normalfont\footnotesize {#1.}~~ }%
+\parbox[t]{\hsize}{\normalfont\footnotesize\noindent\unhbox\@tempboxa#2}%
+% if caption is shorter than a line, center if conference, left justify otherwise
+\else%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference \hbox to\hsize{\normalfont\footnotesize\hfil\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+\else \hbox to\hsize{\normalfont\footnotesize\box\@tempboxa\hfil}%
+\fi\fi\fi}
+\fi
+
+
+
+% V1.7 disable captions class option, do so in a way that retains operation of \label
+% within \caption
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff
+\long\def\@makecaption#1#2{\vspace*{2em}\footnotesize\begin{center}{\footnotesize #1}\end{center}%
+\let\@IEEEtemporiglabeldefsave\label
+\let\@IEEEtemplabelargsave\relax
+\def\label##1{\gdef\@IEEEtemplabelargsave{##1}}%
+\setbox\@tempboxa\hbox{#2}%
+\let\label\@IEEEtemporiglabeldefsave
+\ifx\@IEEEtemplabelargsave\relax\else\label{\@IEEEtemplabelargsave}\fi}
+\fi
+
+
+% V1.7 define end environments with \def not \let so as to work OK with
+% preview-latex
+\newcounter{figure}
+\def\thefigure{\@arabic\c@figure}
+\def\fps@figure{tbp}
+\def\ftype@figure{1}
+\def\ext@figure{lof}
+\def\fnum@figure{\figurename~\thefigure}
+\def\figure{\@float{figure}}
+\def\endfigure{\end@float}
+\@namedef{figure*}{\@dblfloat{figure}}
+\@namedef{endfigure*}{\end@dblfloat}
+\newcounter{table}
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\thetable{\arabic{table}}
+\else
+\def\thetable{\@Roman\c@table}
+\fi
+\def\fps@table{tbp}
+\def\ftype@table{2}
+\def\ext@table{lot}
+\def\fnum@table{\tablename~\thetable}
+% V1.6 IEEE uses 8pt text for tables
+% to default to footnotesize, we hack into LaTeX2e's \@floatboxreset and pray
+\def\table{\def\@floatboxreset{\reset@font\footnotesize\@setminipage}\@float{table}}
+\def\endtable{\end@float}
+% v1.6b double column tables need to default to footnotesize as well.
+\@namedef{table*}{\def\@floatboxreset{\reset@font\footnotesize\@setminipage}\@dblfloat{table}}
+\@namedef{endtable*}{\end@dblfloat}
+
+
+
+
+%%
+%% START OF IEEEeqnarry DEFINITIONS
+%%
+%% Inspired by the concepts, examples, and previous works of LaTeX
+%% coders and developers such as Donald Arseneau, Fred Bartlett,
+%% David Carlisle, Tony Liu, Frank Mittelbach, Piet van Oostrum,
+%% Roland Winkler and Mark Wooding.
+%% I don't make the claim that my work here is even near their calibre. ;)
+
+
+% hook to allow easy changeover to IEEEtran.cls/tools.sty error reporting
+\def\@IEEEclspkgerror{\ClassError{IEEEtran}}
+
+\newif\if@IEEEeqnarraystarform% flag to indicate if the environment was called as the star form
+\@IEEEeqnarraystarformfalse
+
+\newif\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt% tracks if the environment should advance the col counter
+% allows a way to make an \IEEEeqnarraybox that can be used within an \IEEEeqnarray
+% used by IEEEeqnarraymulticol so that it can work properly in both
+\@advanceIEEEeqncolcnttrue
+
+\newcount\@IEEEeqnnumcols % tracks how many IEEEeqnarray cols are defined
+\newcount\@IEEEeqncolcnt % tracks how many IEEEeqnarray cols the user actually used
+
+
+% The default math style used by the columns
+\def\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle{\displaystyle}
+% The default text style used by the columns
+% default to using the current font
+\def\IEEEeqnarraytextstyle{\relax}
+
+% like the iedlistdecl but for \IEEEeqnarray
+\def\IEEEeqnarraydecl{\relax}
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayboxdecl{\relax}
+
+% \yesnumber is the opposite of \nonumber
+% a novel concept with the same def as the equationarray package
+% However, we give IEEE versions too since some LaTeX packages such as
+% the MDWtools mathenv.sty redefine \nonumber to something else.
+\providecommand{\yesnumber}{\global\@eqnswtrue}
+\def\IEEEyesnumber{\global\@eqnswtrue}
+\def\IEEEnonumber{\global\@eqnswfalse}
+
+
+\def\IEEEyessubnumber{\global\@IEEEissubequationtrue\global\@eqnswtrue%
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayISinner% only do something inside an IEEEeqnarray
+\if@IEEElastlinewassubequation\addtocounter{equation}{-1}\else\setcounter{IEEEsubequation}{1}\fi%
+\def\@currentlabel{\p@IEEEsubequation\theIEEEsubequation}\fi}
+
+% flag to indicate that an equation is a sub equation
+\newif\if@IEEEissubequation%
+\@IEEEissubequationfalse
+
+% allows users to "push away" equations that get too close to the equation numbers
+\def\IEEEeqnarraynumspace{\hphantom{\if@IEEEissubequation\theIEEEsubequationdis\else\theequationdis\fi}}
+
+% provides a way to span multiple columns within IEEEeqnarray environments
+% will consider \if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt before globally advancing the
+% column counter - so as to work within \IEEEeqnarraybox
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraymulticol{number cols. to span}{col type}{cell text}
+\long\def\IEEEeqnarraymulticol#1#2#3{\multispan{#1}%
+% check if column is defined
+\relax\expandafter\ifx\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolDEF#2\endcsname\@IEEEeqnarraycolisdefined%
+\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPRE#2\endcsname#3\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPOST#2\endcsname%
+\else% if not, error and use default type
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Invalid column type "#2" in \string\IEEEeqnarraymulticol.\MessageBreak
+Using a default centering column instead}%
+{You must define IEEEeqnarray column types before use.}%
+\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPRE@IEEEdefault\endcsname#3\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPOST@IEEEdefault\endcsname%
+\fi%
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by #1\relax\fi}
+
+% like \omit, but maintains track of the column counter for \IEEEeqnarray
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayomit{\omit\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax\fi}
+
+
+% provides a way to define a letter referenced column type
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraydefcol{col. type letter/name}{pre insertion text}{post insertion text}
+\def\IEEEeqnarraydefcol#1#2#3{\expandafter\def\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPRE#1\endcsname{#2}%
+\expandafter\def\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPOST#1\endcsname{#3}%
+\expandafter\def\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolDEF#1\endcsname{1}}
+
+
+% provides a way to define a numerically referenced inter-column glue types
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraydefcolsep{col. glue number}{glue definition}
+\def\IEEEeqnarraydefcolsep#1#2{\expandafter\def\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolSEP\romannumeral #1\endcsname{#2}%
+\expandafter\def\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolSEPDEF\romannumeral #1\endcsname{1}}
+
+
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraycolisdefined{1}% just a macro for 1, used for checking undefined column types
+
+
+% expands and appends the given argument to the \@IEEEtrantmptoksA token list
+% used to build up the \halign preamble
+\def\@IEEEappendtoksA#1{\edef\@@IEEEappendtoksA{\@IEEEtrantmptoksA={\the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA #1}}%
+\@@IEEEappendtoksA}
+
+% also appends to \@IEEEtrantmptoksA, but does not expand the argument
+% uses \toks8 as a scratchpad register
+\def\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA#1{\toks8={#1}%
+\edef\@@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\@IEEEtrantmptoksA={\the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA\the\toks8}}%
+\@@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA}
+
+% define some common column types for the user
+% math
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{l}{$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle}{$\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{c}{\hfil$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle}{$\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{r}{\hfil$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle}{$}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{L}{$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle{}}{{}$\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{C}{\hfil$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle{}}{{}$\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{R}{\hfil$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle{}}{{}$}
+% text
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{s}{\IEEEeqnarraytextstyle}{\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{t}{\hfil\IEEEeqnarraytextstyle}{\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{u}{\hfil\IEEEeqnarraytextstyle}{}
+
+% vertical rules
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{v}{}{\vrule width\arrayrulewidth}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{vv}{\vrule width\arrayrulewidth\hfil}{\hfil\vrule width\arrayrulewidth}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{V}{}{\vrule width\arrayrulewidth\hskip\doublerulesep\vrule width\arrayrulewidth}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{VV}{\vrule width\arrayrulewidth\hskip\doublerulesep\vrule width\arrayrulewidth\hfil}%
+{\hfil\vrule width\arrayrulewidth\hskip\doublerulesep\vrule width\arrayrulewidth}
+
+% horizontal rules
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{h}{}{\leaders\hrule height\arrayrulewidth\hfil}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{H}{}{\leaders\vbox{\hrule width\arrayrulewidth\vskip\doublerulesep\hrule width\arrayrulewidth}\hfil}
+
+% plain
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{x}{}{}
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{X}{$}{$}
+
+% the default column type to use in the event a column type is not defined
+\IEEEeqnarraydefcol{@IEEEdefault}{\hfil$\IEEEeqnarraymathstyle}{$\hfil}
+
+
+% a zero tabskip (used for "-" col types)
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero{0pt plus 0pt minus 0pt}
+% a centering tabskip (used for "+" col types)
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPcenter{1000pt plus 0pt minus 1000pt}
+
+% top level default tabskip glues for the start, end, and inter-column
+% may be reset within environments not always at the top level, e.g., \IEEEeqnarraybox
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultstart{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPcenter}% default start glue
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultend{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPcenter}% default end glue
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultmid{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}% default inter-column glue
+
+
+
+% creates a vertical rule that extends from the bottom to the top a a cell
+% Provided in case other packages redefine \vline some other way.
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarrayvrule[rule thickness]
+% If no argument is provided, \arrayrulewidth will be used for the rule thickness.
+\newcommand\IEEEeqnarrayvrule[1][\arrayrulewidth]{\vrule\@width#1\relax}
+
+% creates a blank separator row
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarrayseprow[separation length][font size commands]
+% default is \IEEEeqnarrayseprow[0.25\normalbaselineskip][\relax]
+% blank arguments inherit the default values
+% uses \skip5 as a scratch register - calls \@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize which uses more scratch registers
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayseprow{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarrayseprow}{\@IEEEeqnarrayseprow[0.25\normalbaselineskip]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayseprow[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprow[#1]}{\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprow[#1][\relax]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprow[#1][#2]{\def\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowARGONE{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowARGONE\@empty%
+% get the skip value, based on the font commands
+% use skip5 because \IEEEeqnarraystrutsize uses \skip0, \skip2, \skip3
+% assign within a bogus box to confine the font changes
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#2\relax\global\skip5=0.25\normalbaselineskip}}%
+\else%
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#2\relax\global\skip5=#1}}%
+\fi%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayhoptolastcolumn\IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{\skip5}{0pt}[\relax]\relax}
+
+% creates a blank separator row, but omits all the column templates
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[separation length][font size commands]
+% default is \IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[0.25\normalbaselineskip][\relax]
+% blank arguments inherit the default values
+% uses \skip5 as a scratch register - calls \@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize which uses more scratch registers
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut{\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}\relax% span all the cols
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut}{\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[0.25\normalbaselineskip]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[#1]}{\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[#1][\relax]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[#1][#2]{\def\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowARGONE{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarrayseprowARGONE\@empty%
+% get the skip value, based on the font commands
+% use skip5 because \IEEEeqnarraystrutsize uses \skip0, \skip2, \skip3
+% assign within a bogus box to confine the font changes
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#2\relax\global\skip5=0.25\normalbaselineskip}}%
+\else%
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#2\relax\global\skip5=#1}}%
+\fi%
+\IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{\skip5}{0pt}[\relax]\relax}
+
+
+
+% draws a single rule across all the columns optional
+% argument determines the rule width, \arrayrulewidth is the default
+% updates column counter as needed and turns off struts
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[rule line thickness]
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayrulerow{\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}\relax% span all the cols
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow}{\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[#1]{\leaders\hrule height#1\hfil\relax% put in our rule
+% turn off any struts
+\IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{0pt}{0pt}[\relax]\relax}
+
+
+% draws a double rule by using a single rule row, a separator row, and then
+% another single rule row
+% first optional argument determines the rule thicknesses, \arrayrulewidth is the default
+% second optional argument determines the rule spacing, \doublerulesep is the default
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[rule line thickness][rule spacing]
+\def\IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow{\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}\relax% span all the cols
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow}{\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[#1]}%
+{\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[#1][\doublerulesep]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[#1][#2]{\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#1}%
+% we allow the user to say \IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[][]
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]%
+\else%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[#1]\relax%
+\fi%
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#2}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\\\IEEEeqnarrayseprow[\doublerulesep][\relax]%
+\else%
+\\\IEEEeqnarrayseprow[#2][\relax]%
+\fi%
+\\\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}%
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]%
+\else%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[#1]%
+\fi%
+}
+
+% draws a double rule by using a single rule row, a separator (cutting) row, and then
+% another single rule row
+% first optional argument determines the rule thicknesses, \arrayrulewidth is the default
+% second optional argument determines the rule spacing, \doublerulesep is the default
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[rule line thickness][rule spacing]
+\def\IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut{\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}\relax% span all the cols
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut}{\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut[\arrayrulewidth]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut[#1]}%
+{\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut[#1][\doublerulesep]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowcut[#1][#2]{\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#1}%
+% we allow the user to say \IEEEeqnarraydblrulerow[][]
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]%
+\else%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[#1]%
+\fi%
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#2}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\\\IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[\doublerulesep][\relax]%
+\else%
+\\\IEEEeqnarrayseprowcut[#2][\relax]%
+\fi%
+\\\multispan{\@IEEEeqnnumcols}%
+% advance column counter only if the IEEEeqnarray environment wants it
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by \@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax\fi%
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraydblrulerowARG\@empty%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[\arrayrulewidth]%
+\else%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayrulerow[#1]%
+\fi%
+}
+
+
+
+% inserts a full row's worth of &'s
+% relies on \@IEEEeqnnumcols to provide the correct number of columns
+% uses \@IEEEtrantmptoksA, \count0 as scratch registers
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayhoptolastcolumn{\@IEEEtrantmptoksA={}\count0=1\relax%
+\loop% add cols if the user did not use them all
+\ifnum\count0<\@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{&}%
+\advance\count0 by 1\relax% update the col count
+\repeat%
+\the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA%execute the &'s
+}
+
+
+
+\newif\if@IEEEeqnarrayISinner % flag to indicate if we are within the lines
+\@IEEEeqnarrayISinnerfalse % of an IEEEeqnarray - after the IEEEeqnarraydecl
+
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{0pt} % height and depth of IEEEeqnarray struts
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{0pt}
+
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight{0pt} % default height and depth of
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth{0pt} % struts within an IEEEeqnarray
+
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutHSAVE{0pt} % saved master strut height
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutDSAVE{0pt} % and depth
+
+\newif\if@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrut % flag to indicate that the master strut value
+\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue % is to be used
+
+
+
+% saves the strut height and depth of the master strut
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraymasterstrutsave{\relax%
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth\relax%
+% remove stretchability
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% save values
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutHSAVE{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutDSAVE{\the\dimen2}}
+
+% restores the strut height and depth of the master strut
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraymasterstrutrestore{\relax%
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutHSAVE\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutDSAVE\relax%
+% remove stretchability
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% restore values
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}}
+
+
+% globally restores the strut height and depth to the
+% master values and sets the master strut flag to true
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutreset{\relax%
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth\relax%
+% remove stretchability
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% restore values
+\xdef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\xdef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\global\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue}
+
+
+% if the master strut is not to be used, make the current
+% values of \@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight, \@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth
+% and the use master strut flag, global
+% this allows user strut commands issued in the last column to be carried
+% into the isolation/strut column
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayglobalizestrutstatus{\relax%
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrut\else%
+\xdef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight}%
+\xdef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth}%
+\global\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrutfalse%
+\fi}
+
+
+
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{height}{depth}[font size commands]
+% If called outside the lines of an IEEEeqnarray, sets the height
+% and depth of both the master and local struts. If called inside
+% an IEEEeqnarray line, sets the height and depth of the local strut
+% only and sets the flag to indicate the use of the local strut
+% values. If the height or depth is left blank, 0.7\normalbaselineskip
+% and 0.3\normalbaselineskip will be used, respectively.
+% The optional argument can be used to evaluate the lengths under
+% a different font size and styles. If none is specified, the current
+% font is used.
+% uses scratch registers \skip0, \skip2, \skip3, \dimen0, \dimen2
+\def\IEEEeqnarraystrutsize#1#2{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{#1}{#2}}{\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{#1}{#2}[\relax]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize#1#2[#3]{\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeARG{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeARG\@empty%
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=0.7\normalbaselineskip}}%
+\skip0=\skip3\relax%
+\else% arg one present
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=#1\relax}}%
+\skip0=\skip3\relax%
+\fi% if null arg
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeARG{#2}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeARG\@empty%
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=0.3\normalbaselineskip}}%
+\skip2=\skip3\relax%
+\else% arg two present
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=#2\relax}}%
+\skip2=\skip3\relax%
+\fi% if null arg
+% remove stretchability, just to be safe
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% dimen0 = height, dimen2 = depth
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayISinner% inner does not touch master strut size
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrutfalse% do not use master
+\else% outer, have to set master strut too
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue% use master strut
+\fi}
+
+
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeadd{added height}{added depth}[font size commands]
+% If called outside the lines of an IEEEeqnarray, adds the given height
+% and depth to both the master and local struts.
+% If called inside an IEEEeqnarray line, adds the given height and depth
+% to the local strut only and sets the flag to indicate the use
+% of the local strut values.
+% In both cases, if a height or depth is left blank, 0pt is used instead.
+% The optional argument can be used to evaluate the lengths under
+% a different font size and styles. If none is specified, the current
+% font is used.
+% uses scratch registers \skip0, \skip2, \skip3, \dimen0, \dimen2
+\def\IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeadd#1#2{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeadd{#1}{#2}}{\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeadd{#1}{#2}[\relax]}}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizeadd#1#2[#3]{\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizearg{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizearg\@empty%
+\skip0=0pt\relax%
+\else% arg one present
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=#1}}%
+\skip0=\skip3\relax%
+\fi% if null arg
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizearg{#2}%
+\ifx\@IEEEeqnarraystrutsizearg\@empty%
+\skip2=0pt\relax%
+\else% arg two present
+{\setbox0=\hbox{#3\relax\global\skip3=#2}}%
+\skip2=\skip3\relax%
+\fi% if null arg
+% remove stretchability, just to be safe
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% dimen0 = height, dimen2 = depth
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayISinner% inner does not touch master strut size
+% get local strut size
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth\relax%
+% add it to the user supplied values
+\advance\dimen0 by \skip0\relax%
+\advance\dimen2 by \skip2\relax%
+% update the local strut size
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrutfalse% do not use master
+\else% outer, have to set master strut too
+% get master strut size
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth\relax%
+% add it to the user supplied values
+\advance\dimen0 by \skip0\relax%
+\advance\dimen2 by \skip2\relax%
+% update the local and master strut sizes
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight{\the\dimen0}%
+\edef\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth{\the\dimen2}%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue% use master strut
+\fi}
+
+
+% allow user a way to see the struts
+\newif\ifIEEEvisiblestruts
+\IEEEvisiblestrutsfalse
+
+% inserts an invisible strut using the master or local strut values
+% uses scratch registers \skip0, \skip2, \dimen0, \dimen2
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayinsertstrut{\relax%
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstrut
+% get master strut size
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEmasterstrutdepth\relax%
+\else%
+% get local strut size
+\expandafter\skip0=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutheight\relax%
+\expandafter\skip2=\@IEEEeqnarrayTHEstrutdepth\relax%
+\fi%
+% remove stretchability, probably not needed
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+% dimen0 = height, dimen2 = depth
+% allow user to see struts if desired
+\ifIEEEvisiblestruts%
+\vrule width0.2pt height\dimen0 depth\dimen2\relax%
+\else%
+\vrule width0pt height\dimen0 depth\dimen2\relax\fi}
+
+
+% creates an invisible strut, useable even outside \IEEEeqnarray
+% if \IEEEvisiblestrutstrue, the strut will be visible and 0.2pt wide.
+% usage: \IEEEstrut[height][depth][font size commands]
+% default is \IEEEstrut[0.7\normalbaselineskip][0.3\normalbaselineskip][\relax]
+% blank arguments inherit the default values
+% uses \dimen0, \dimen2, \skip0, \skip2
+\def\IEEEstrut{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEstrut}{\@IEEEstrut[0.7\normalbaselineskip]}}
+\def\@IEEEstrut[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEstrut[#1]}{\@@IEEEstrut[#1][0.3\normalbaselineskip]}}
+\def\@@IEEEstrut[#1][#2]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@@IEEEstrut[#1][#2]}{\@@@IEEEstrut[#1][#2][\relax]}}
+\def\@@@IEEEstrut[#1][#2][#3]{\mbox{#3\relax%
+\def\@IEEEstrutARG{#1}%
+\ifx\@IEEEstrutARG\@empty%
+\skip0=0.7\normalbaselineskip\relax%
+\else%
+\skip0=#1\relax%
+\fi%
+\def\@IEEEstrutARG{#2}%
+\ifx\@IEEEstrutARG\@empty%
+\skip2=0.3\normalbaselineskip\relax%
+\else%
+\skip2=#2\relax%
+\fi%
+% remove stretchability, probably not needed
+\dimen0\skip0\relax%
+\dimen2\skip2\relax%
+\ifIEEEvisiblestruts%
+\vrule width0.2pt height\dimen0 depth\dimen2\relax%
+\else%
+\vrule width0.0pt height\dimen0 depth\dimen2\relax\fi}}
+
+
+% enables strut mode by setting a default strut size and then zeroing the
+% \baselineskip, \lineskip, \lineskiplimit and \jot
+\def\IEEEeqnarraystrutmode{\IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{0.7\normalbaselineskip}{0.3\normalbaselineskip}[\relax]%
+\baselineskip=0pt\lineskip=0pt\lineskiplimit=0pt\jot=0pt}
+
+
+
+\def\IEEEeqnarray{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformfalse\@IEEEeqnarray}
+\def\endIEEEeqnarray{\end@IEEEeqnarray}
+
+\@namedef{IEEEeqnarray*}{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformtrue\@IEEEeqnarray}
+\@namedef{endIEEEeqnarray*}{\end@IEEEeqnarray}
+
+
+% \IEEEeqnarray is an enhanced \eqnarray.
+% The star form defaults to not putting equation numbers at the end of each row.
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarray[decl]{cols}
+\def\@IEEEeqnarray{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarray}{\@@IEEEeqnarray[\relax]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarray[#1]#2{%
+ % default to showing the equation number or not based on whether or not
+ % the star form was involked
+ \if@IEEEeqnarraystarform\global\@eqnswfalse
+ \else% not the star form
+ \global\@eqnswtrue
+ \fi% if star form
+ \@IEEEissubequationfalse% default to no subequations
+ \@IEEElastlinewassubequationfalse% assume last line is not a sub equation
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayISinnerfalse% not yet within the lines of the halign
+ \@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{0pt}{0pt}[\relax]% turn off struts by default
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue% use master strut till user asks otherwise
+ \IEEEvisiblestrutsfalse% diagnostic mode defaults to off
+ % no extra space unless the user specifically requests it
+ \lineskip=0pt\relax
+ \lineskiplimit=0pt\relax
+ \baselineskip=\normalbaselineskip\relax%
+ \jot=\IEEEnormaljot\relax%
+ \mathsurround\z@\relax% no extra spacing around math
+ \@advanceIEEEeqncolcnttrue% advance the col counter for each col the user uses,
+ % used in \IEEEeqnarraymulticol and in the preamble build
+ \stepcounter{equation}% advance equation counter before first line
+ \setcounter{IEEEsubequation}{0}% no subequation yet
+ \def\@currentlabel{\p@equation\theequation}% redefine the ref label
+ \IEEEeqnarraydecl\relax% allow a way for the user to make global overrides
+ #1\relax% allow user to override defaults
+ \let\\\@IEEEeqnarraycr% replace newline with one that can put in eqn. numbers
+ \global\@IEEEeqncolcnt\z@% col. count = 0 for first line
+ \@IEEEbuildpreamble #2\end\relax% build the preamble and put it into \@IEEEtrantmptoksA
+ % put in the column for the equation number
+ \ifnum\@IEEEeqnnumcols>0\relax\@IEEEappendtoksA{&}\fi% col separator for those after the first
+ \toks0={##}%
+ % advance the \@IEEEeqncolcnt for the isolation col, this helps with error checking
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax}%
+ % add the isolation column
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip\z@skip\bgroup\the\toks0\egroup}%
+ % advance the \@IEEEeqncolcnt for the equation number col, this helps with error checking
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{&\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax}%
+ % add the equation number col to the preamble
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip\z@skip\hb@xt@\z@\bgroup\hss\the\toks0\egroup}%
+ % note \@IEEEeqnnumcols does not count the equation col or isolation col
+ % set the starting tabskip glue as determined by the preamble build
+ \tabskip=\@IEEEBPstartglue\relax
+ % begin the display alignment
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayISinnertrue% commands are now within the lines
+ $$\everycr{}\halign to\displaywidth\bgroup
+ % "exspand" the preamble
+ \span\the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA\cr}
+
+% enter isolation/strut column (or the next column if the user did not use
+% every column), record the strut status, complete the columns, do the strut if needed,
+% restore counters to correct values and exit
+\def\end@IEEEeqnarray{\@IEEEeqnarrayglobalizestrutstatus&\@@IEEEeqnarraycr\egroup%
+\if@IEEElastlinewassubequation\global\advance\c@IEEEsubequation\m@ne\fi%
+\global\advance\c@equation\m@ne%
+$$\@ignoretrue}
+
+% need a way to remember if last line is a subequation
+\newif\if@IEEElastlinewassubequation%
+\@IEEElastlinewassubequationfalse
+
+% IEEEeqnarray uses a modifed \\ instead of the plain \cr to
+% end rows. This allows for things like \\*[vskip amount]
+% This "cr" macros are modified versions those for LaTeX2e's eqnarray
+% the {\ifnum0=`} braces must be kept away from the last column to avoid
+% altering spacing of its math, so we use & to advance to the next column
+% as there is an isolation/strut column after the user's columns
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraycr{\@IEEEeqnarrayglobalizestrutstatus&% save strut status and advance to next column
+ {\ifnum0=`}\fi
+ \@ifstar{%
+ \global\@eqpen\@M\@IEEEeqnarrayYCR
+ }{%
+ \global\@eqpen\interdisplaylinepenalty \@IEEEeqnarrayYCR
+ }%
+}
+
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayYCR{\@testopt\@IEEEeqnarrayXCR\z@skip}
+
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayXCR[#1]{%
+ \ifnum0=`{\fi}%
+ \@@IEEEeqnarraycr
+ \noalign{\penalty\@eqpen\vskip\jot\vskip #1\relax}}%
+
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarraycr{\@IEEEtrantmptoksA={}% clear token register
+ \advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by -1\relax% adjust col count because of the isolation column
+ \ifnum\@IEEEeqncolcnt>\@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax
+ \@IEEEclspkgerror{Too many columns within the IEEEeqnarray\MessageBreak
+ environment}%
+ {Use fewer \string &'s or put more columns in the IEEEeqnarry column\MessageBreak
+ specifications.}\relax%
+ \else
+ \loop% add cols if the user did not use them all
+ \ifnum\@IEEEeqncolcnt<\@IEEEeqnnumcols\relax
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{&}%
+ \advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax% update the col count
+ \repeat
+ % this number of &'s will take us the the isolation column
+ \fi
+ % execute the &'s
+ \the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA%
+ % handle the strut/isolation column
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayinsertstrut% do the strut if needed
+ \@IEEEeqnarraystrutreset% reset the strut system for next line or IEEEeqnarray
+ &% and enter the equation number column
+ % is this line needs an equation number, display it and advance the
+ % (sub)equation counters, record what type this line was
+ \if@eqnsw%
+ \if@IEEEissubequation\theIEEEsubequationdis\addtocounter{equation}{1}\stepcounter{IEEEsubequation}%
+ \global\@IEEElastlinewassubequationtrue%
+ \else% display a standard equation number, initialize the IEEEsubequation counter
+ \theequationdis\stepcounter{equation}\setcounter{IEEEsubequation}{0}%
+ \global\@IEEElastlinewassubequationfalse\fi%
+ \fi%
+ % reset the eqnsw flag to indicate default preference of the display of equation numbers
+ \if@IEEEeqnarraystarform\global\@eqnswfalse\else\global\@eqnswtrue\fi
+ \global\@IEEEissubequationfalse% reset the subequation flag
+ % reset the number of columns the user actually used
+ \global\@IEEEeqncolcnt\z@\relax
+ % the real end of the line
+ \cr}
+
+
+
+
+
+% \IEEEeqnarraybox is like \IEEEeqnarray except the box form puts everything
+% inside a vtop, vbox, or vcenter box depending on the letter in the second
+% optional argument (t,b,c). Vbox is the default. Unlike \IEEEeqnarray,
+% equation numbers are not displayed and \IEEEeqnarraybox can be nested.
+% \IEEEeqnarrayboxm is for math mode (like \array) and does not put the vbox
+% within an hbox.
+% \IEEEeqnarrayboxt is for text mode (like \tabular) and puts the vbox within
+% a \hbox{$ $} construct.
+% \IEEEeqnarraybox will auto detect whether to use \IEEEeqnarrayboxm or
+% \IEEEeqnarrayboxt depending on the math mode.
+% The third optional argument specifies the width this box is to be set to -
+% natural width is the default.
+% The * forms do not add \jot line spacing
+% usage: \IEEEeqnarraybox[decl][pos][width]{cols}
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayboxm{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformfalse\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWfalse\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\def\endIEEEeqnarrayboxm{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\@namedef{IEEEeqnarrayboxm*}{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformtrue\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWfalse\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\@namedef{endIEEEeqnarrayboxm*}{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+
+\def\IEEEeqnarrayboxt{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformfalse\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWtrue\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\def\endIEEEeqnarrayboxt{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\@namedef{IEEEeqnarrayboxt*}{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformtrue\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWtrue\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\@namedef{endIEEEeqnarrayboxt*}{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+
+\def\IEEEeqnarraybox{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformfalse\ifmmode\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWfalse\else\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWtrue\fi%
+\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\def\endIEEEeqnarraybox{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+
+\@namedef{IEEEeqnarraybox*}{\@IEEEeqnarraystarformtrue\ifmmode\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWfalse\else\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWtrue\fi%
+\@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+\@namedef{endIEEEeqnarraybox*}{\end@IEEEeqnarraybox}
+
+% flag to indicate if the \IEEEeqnarraybox needs to put things into an hbox{$ $}
+% for \vcenter in non-math mode
+\newif\if@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSW%
+\@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSWfalse
+
+\def\@IEEEeqnarraybox{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@IEEEeqnarraybox}{\@@IEEEeqnarraybox[\relax]}}
+\def\@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1]}{\@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1][b]}}
+\def\@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1][#2]{\relax\@ifnextchar[{\@@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1][#2]}{\@@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1][#2][\relax]}}
+
+% #1 = decl; #2 = t,b,c; #3 = width, #4 = col specs
+\def\@@@@IEEEeqnarraybox[#1][#2][#3]#4{\@IEEEeqnarrayISinnerfalse % not yet within the lines of the halign
+ \@IEEEeqnarraymasterstrutsave% save current master strut values
+ \@IEEEeqnarraystrutsize{0pt}{0pt}[\relax]% turn off struts by default
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayusemasterstruttrue% use master strut till user asks otherwise
+ \IEEEvisiblestrutsfalse% diagnostic mode defaults to off
+ % no extra space unless the user specifically requests it
+ \lineskip=0pt\relax%
+ \lineskiplimit=0pt\relax%
+ \baselineskip=\normalbaselineskip\relax%
+ \jot=\IEEEnormaljot\relax%
+ \mathsurround\z@\relax% no extra spacing around math
+ % the default end glues are zero for an \IEEEeqnarraybox
+ \edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultstart{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}% default start glue
+ \edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultend{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}% default end glue
+ \edef\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultmid{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}% default inter-column glue
+ \@advanceIEEEeqncolcntfalse% do not advance the col counter for each col the user uses,
+ % used in \IEEEeqnarraymulticol and in the preamble build
+ \IEEEeqnarrayboxdecl\relax% allow a way for the user to make global overrides
+ #1\relax% allow user to override defaults
+ \let\\\@IEEEeqnarrayboxcr% replace newline with one that allows optional spacing
+ \@IEEEbuildpreamble #4\end\relax% build the preamble and put it into \@IEEEtrantmptoksA
+ % add an isolation column to the preamble to stop \\'s {} from getting into the last col
+ \ifnum\@IEEEeqnnumcols>0\relax\@IEEEappendtoksA{&}\fi% col separator for those after the first
+ \toks0={##}%
+ % add the isolation column to the preamble
+ \@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip\z@skip\bgroup\the\toks0\egroup}%
+ % set the starting tabskip glue as determined by the preamble build
+ \tabskip=\@IEEEBPstartglue\relax
+ % begin the alignment
+ \everycr{}%
+ % use only the very first token to determine the positioning
+ % this stops some problems when the user uses more than one letter,
+ % but is probably not worth the effort
+ % \noindent is used as a delimiter
+ \def\@IEEEgrabfirstoken##1##2\noindent{\let\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken=##1}%
+ \@IEEEgrabfirstoken#2\relax\relax\noindent
+ % \@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken has the first token, the rest are discarded
+ % if we need to put things into and hbox and go into math mode, do so now
+ \if@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSW \leavevmode \hbox \bgroup $\fi%
+ % use the appropriate vbox type
+ \if\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken t\relax\vtop\else\if\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken c\relax%
+ \vcenter\else\vbox\fi\fi\bgroup%
+ \@IEEEeqnarrayISinnertrue% commands are now within the lines
+ \ifx#3\relax\halign\else\halign to #3\relax\fi%
+ \bgroup
+ % "exspand" the preamble
+ \span\the\@IEEEtrantmptoksA\cr}
+
+% carry strut status and enter the isolation/strut column,
+% exit from math mode if needed, and exit
+\def\end@IEEEeqnarraybox{\@IEEEeqnarrayglobalizestrutstatus% carry strut status
+&% enter isolation/strut column
+\@IEEEeqnarrayinsertstrut% do strut if needed
+\@IEEEeqnarraymasterstrutrestore% restore the previous master strut values
+% reset the strut system for next IEEEeqnarray
+% (sets local strut values back to previous master strut values)
+\@IEEEeqnarraystrutreset%
+% ensure last line, exit from halign, close vbox
+\crcr\egroup\egroup%
+% exit from math mode and close hbox if needed
+\if@IEEEeqnarrayboxHBOXSW $\egroup\fi}
+
+
+
+% IEEEeqnarraybox uses a modifed \\ instead of the plain \cr to
+% end rows. This allows for things like \\[vskip amount]
+% This "cr" macros are modified versions those for LaTeX2e's eqnarray
+% For IEEEeqnarraybox, \\* is the same as \\
+% the {\ifnum0=`} braces must be kept away from the last column to avoid
+% altering spacing of its math, so we use & to advance to the isolation/strut column
+% carry strut status into isolation/strut column
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayboxcr{\@IEEEeqnarrayglobalizestrutstatus% carry strut status
+&% enter isolation/strut column
+\@IEEEeqnarrayinsertstrut% do strut if needed
+% reset the strut system for next line or IEEEeqnarray
+\@IEEEeqnarraystrutreset%
+{\ifnum0=`}\fi%
+\@ifstar{\@IEEEeqnarrayboxYCR}{\@IEEEeqnarrayboxYCR}}
+
+% test and setup the optional argument to \\[]
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayboxYCR{\@testopt\@IEEEeqnarrayboxXCR\z@skip}
+
+% IEEEeqnarraybox does not automatically increase line spacing by \jot
+\def\@IEEEeqnarrayboxXCR[#1]{\ifnum0=`{\fi}%
+\cr\noalign{\if@IEEEeqnarraystarform\else\vskip\jot\fi\vskip#1\relax}}
+
+
+
+% starts the halign preamble build
+\def\@IEEEbuildpreamble{\@IEEEtrantmptoksA={}% clear token register
+\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=u%current column type is not yet known
+\let\@IEEEBPprevtype=s%the previous column type was the start
+\let\@IEEEBPnexttype=u%next column type is not yet known
+% ensure these are valid
+\def\@IEEEBPcurglue={0pt plus 0pt minus 0pt}%
+\def\@IEEEBPcurcolname{@IEEEdefault}% name of current column definition
+% currently acquired numerically referenced glue
+% use a name that is easier to remember
+\let\@IEEEBPcurnum=\@IEEEtrantmpcountA%
+\@IEEEBPcurnum=0%
+% tracks number of columns in the preamble
+\@IEEEeqnnumcols=0%
+% record the default end glues
+\edef\@IEEEBPstartglue{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultstart}%
+\edef\@IEEEBPendglue{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultend}%
+% now parse the user's column specifications
+\@@IEEEbuildpreamble}
+
+
+% parses and builds the halign preamble
+\def\@@IEEEbuildpreamble#1#2{\let\@@nextIEEEbuildpreamble=\@@IEEEbuildpreamble%
+% use only the very first token to check the end
+% \noindent is used as a delimiter as \end can be present here
+\def\@IEEEgrabfirstoken##1##2\noindent{\let\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken=##1}%
+\@IEEEgrabfirstoken#1\relax\relax\noindent
+\ifx\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\end\let\@@nextIEEEbuildpreamble=\@@IEEEfinishpreamble\else%
+% identify current and next token type
+\@IEEEgetcoltype{#1}{\@IEEEBPcurtype}{1}% current, error on invalid
+\@IEEEgetcoltype{#2}{\@IEEEBPnexttype}{0}% next, no error on invalid next
+% if curtype is a glue, get the glue def
+\if\@IEEEBPcurtype g\@IEEEgetcurglue{#1}{\@IEEEBPcurglue}\fi%
+% if curtype is a column, get the column def and set the current column name
+\if\@IEEEBPcurtype c\@IEEEgetcurcol{#1}\fi%
+% if curtype is a numeral, acquire the user defined glue
+\if\@IEEEBPcurtype n\@IEEEprocessNcol{#1}\fi%
+% process the acquired glue
+\if\@IEEEBPcurtype g\@IEEEprocessGcol\fi%
+% process the acquired col
+\if\@IEEEBPcurtype c\@IEEEprocessCcol\fi%
+% ready prevtype for next col spec.
+\let\@IEEEBPprevtype=\@IEEEBPcurtype%
+% be sure and put back the future token(s) as a group
+\fi\@@nextIEEEbuildpreamble{#2}}
+
+
+% executed just after preamble build is completed
+% warn about zero cols, and if prevtype type = u, put in end tabskip glue
+\def\@@IEEEfinishpreamble#1{\ifnum\@IEEEeqnnumcols<1\relax
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{No column specifiers declared for IEEEeqnarray}%
+{At least one column type must be declared for each IEEEeqnarray.}%
+\fi%num cols less than 1
+%if last type undefined, set default end tabskip glue
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype u\@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip=\@IEEEBPendglue}\fi}
+
+
+% Identify and return the column specifier's type code
+\def\@IEEEgetcoltype#1#2#3{%
+% use only the very first token to determine the type
+% \noindent is used as a delimiter as \end can be present here
+\def\@IEEEgrabfirstoken##1##2\noindent{\let\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken=##1}%
+\@IEEEgrabfirstoken#1\relax\relax\noindent
+% \@IEEEgrabfirstoken has the first token, the rest are discarded
+% n = number
+% g = glue (any other char in catagory 12)
+% c = letter
+% e = \end
+% u = undefined
+% third argument: 0 = no error message, 1 = error on invalid char
+\let#2=u\relax% assume invalid until know otherwise
+\ifx\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\end\let#2=e\else
+\ifcat\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\relax\else% screen out control sequences
+\if0\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if1\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if2\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if3\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if4\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if5\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if6\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if7\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if8\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\if9\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=n\else
+\ifcat,\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=g\relax
+\else\ifcat a\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\let#2=c\relax\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi
+\if#2u\relax
+\if0\noexpand#3\relax\else\@IEEEclspkgerror{Invalid character in column specifications}%
+{Only letters, numerals and certain other symbols are allowed \MessageBreak
+as IEEEeqnarray column specifiers.}\fi\fi}
+
+
+% identify the current letter referenced column
+% if invalid, use a default column
+\def\@IEEEgetcurcol#1{\expandafter\ifx\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolDEF#1\endcsname\@IEEEeqnarraycolisdefined%
+\def\@IEEEBPcurcolname{#1}\else% invalid column name
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Invalid column type "#1" in column specifications.\MessageBreak
+Using a default centering column instead}%
+{You must define IEEEeqnarray column types before use.}%
+\def\@IEEEBPcurcolname{@IEEEdefault}\fi}
+
+
+% identify and return the predefined (punctuation) glue value
+\def\@IEEEgetcurglue#1#2{%
+% ! = \! (neg small) -0.16667em (-3/18 em)
+% , = \, (small) 0.16667em ( 3/18 em)
+% : = \: (med) 0.22222em ( 4/18 em)
+% ; = \; (large) 0.27778em ( 5/18 em)
+% ' = \quad 1em
+% " = \qquad 2em
+% . = 0.5\arraycolsep
+% / = \arraycolsep
+% ? = 2\arraycolsep
+% * = 1fil
+% + = \@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPcenter
+% - = \@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero
+% Note that all em values are referenced to the math font (textfont2) fontdimen6
+% value for 1em.
+%
+% use only the very first token to determine the type
+% this prevents errant tokens from getting in the main text
+% \noindent is used as a delimiter here
+\def\@IEEEgrabfirstoken##1##2\noindent{\let\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken=##1}%
+\@IEEEgrabfirstoken#1\relax\relax\noindent
+% get the math font 1em value
+% LaTeX2e's NFSS2 does not preload the fonts, but \IEEEeqnarray needs
+% to gain access to the math (\textfont2) font's spacing parameters.
+% So we create a bogus box here that uses the math font to ensure
+% that \textfont2 is loaded and ready. If this is not done,
+% the \textfont2 stuff here may not work.
+% Thanks to Bernd Raichle for his 1997 post on this topic.
+{\setbox0=\hbox{$\displaystyle\relax$}}%
+% fontdimen6 has the width of 1em (a quad).
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=\fontdimen6\textfont2\relax%
+% identify the glue value based on the first token
+% we discard anything after the first
+\if!\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=-0.16667\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if,\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=0.16667\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if:\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=0.22222\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if;\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=0.27778\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if'\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=1\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if"\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=2\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if.\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=0.5\arraycolsep\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if/\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\edef#2{\the\arraycolsep}\else
+\if?\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=2\arraycolsep\edef#2{\the\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}\else
+\if *\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\edef#2{0pt plus 1fil minus 0pt}\else
+\if+\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\edef#2{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPcenter}\else
+\if-\@IEEEgrabbedfirstoken\edef#2{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}\else
+\edef#2{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}%
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Invalid predefined inter-column glue type "#1" in\MessageBreak
+column specifications. Using a default value of\MessageBreak
+0pt instead}%
+{Only !,:;'"./?*+ and - are valid predefined glue types in the\MessageBreak
+IEEEeqnarray column specifications.}\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi\fi}
+
+
+
+% process a numerical digit from the column specification
+% and look up the corresponding user defined glue value
+% can transform current type from n to g or a as the user defined glue is acquired
+\def\@IEEEprocessNcol#1{\if\@IEEEBPprevtype g%
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Back-to-back inter-column glue specifiers in column\MessageBreak
+specifications. Ignoring consecutive glue specifiers\MessageBreak
+after the first}%
+{You cannot have two or more glue types next to each other\MessageBreak
+in the IEEEeqnarray column specifications.}%
+\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=a% abort this glue, future digits will be discarded
+\@IEEEBPcurnum=0\relax%
+\else% if we previously aborted a glue
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype a\@IEEEBPcurnum=0\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=a%maintain digit abortion
+\else%acquire this number
+% save the previous type before the numerical digits started
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype n\else\let\@IEEEBPprevsavedtype=\@IEEEBPprevtype\fi%
+\multiply\@IEEEBPcurnum by 10\relax%
+\advance\@IEEEBPcurnum by #1\relax% add in number, \relax is needed to stop TeX's number scan
+\if\@IEEEBPnexttype n\else%close acquisition
+\expandafter\ifx\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolSEPDEF\expandafter\romannumeral\number\@IEEEBPcurnum\endcsname\@IEEEeqnarraycolisdefined%
+\edef\@IEEEBPcurglue{\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolSEP\expandafter\romannumeral\number\@IEEEBPcurnum\endcsname}%
+\else%user glue not defined
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Invalid user defined inter-column glue type "\number\@IEEEBPcurnum" in\MessageBreak
+column specifications. Using a default value of\MessageBreak
+0pt instead}%
+{You must define all IEEEeqnarray numerical inter-column glue types via\MessageBreak
+\string\IEEEeqnarraydefcolsep \space before they are used in column specifications.}%
+\edef\@IEEEBPcurglue{\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPzero}%
+\fi% glue defined or not
+\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=g% change the type to reflect the acquired glue
+\let\@IEEEBPprevtype=\@IEEEBPprevsavedtype% restore the prev type before this number glue
+\@IEEEBPcurnum=0\relax%ready for next acquisition
+\fi%close acquisition, get glue
+\fi%discard or acquire number
+\fi%prevtype glue or not
+}
+
+
+% process an acquired glue
+% add any acquired column/glue pair to the preamble
+\def\@IEEEprocessGcol{\if\@IEEEBPprevtype a\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=a%maintain previous glue abortions
+\else
+% if this is the start glue, save it, but do nothing else
+% as this is not used in the preamble, but before
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype s\edef\@IEEEBPstartglue{\@IEEEBPcurglue}%
+\else%not the start glue
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype g%ignore if back to back glues
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Back-to-back inter-column glue specifiers in column\MessageBreak
+specifications. Ignoring consecutive glue specifiers\MessageBreak
+after the first}%
+{You cannot have two or more glue types next to each other\MessageBreak
+in the IEEEeqnarray column specifications.}%
+\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=a% abort this glue
+\else% not a back to back glue
+\if\@IEEEBPprevtype c\relax% if the previoustype was a col, add column/glue pair to preamble
+\ifnum\@IEEEeqnnumcols>0\relax\@IEEEappendtoksA{&}\fi
+\toks0={##}%
+% make preamble advance col counter if this environment needs this
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\@IEEEappendtoksA{\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax}\fi
+% insert the column defintion into the preamble, being careful not to expand
+% the column definition
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip=\@IEEEBPcurglue}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\begingroup\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPRE}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\@IEEEBPcurcolname}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\endcsname}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\the\toks0}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPOST}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\@IEEEBPcurcolname}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\endcsname\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\endgroup}%
+\advance\@IEEEeqnnumcols by 1\relax%one more column in the preamble
+\else% error: non-start glue with no pending column
+\@IEEEclspkgerror{Inter-column glue specifier without a prior column\MessageBreak
+type in the column specifications. Ignoring this glue\MessageBreak
+specifier}%
+{Except for the first and last positions, glue can be placed only\MessageBreak
+between column types.}%
+\let\@IEEEBPcurtype=a% abort this glue
+\fi% previous was a column
+\fi% back-to-back glues
+\fi% is start column glue
+\fi% prev type not a
+}
+
+
+% process an acquired letter referenced column and, if necessary, add it to the preamble
+\def\@IEEEprocessCcol{\if\@IEEEBPnexttype g\else
+\if\@IEEEBPnexttype n\else
+% we have a column followed by something other than a glue (or numeral glue)
+% so we must add this column to the preamble now
+\ifnum\@IEEEeqnnumcols>0\relax\@IEEEappendtoksA{&}\fi%col separator for those after the first
+\if\@IEEEBPnexttype e\@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip=\@IEEEBPendglue\relax}\else%put in end glue
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\tabskip=\@IEEEeqnarraycolSEPdefaultmid\relax}\fi% or default mid glue
+\toks0={##}%
+% make preamble advance col counter if this environment needs this
+\if@advanceIEEEeqncolcnt\@IEEEappendtoksA{\global\advance\@IEEEeqncolcnt by 1\relax}\fi
+% insert the column definition into the preamble, being careful not to expand
+% the column definition
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\begingroup\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPRE}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\@IEEEBPcurcolname}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\endcsname}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\the\toks0}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\csname @IEEEeqnarraycolPOST}%
+\@IEEEappendtoksA{\@IEEEBPcurcolname}%
+\@IEEEappendNOEXPANDtoksA{\endcsname\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax%
+\relax\relax\relax\relax\relax\endgroup}%
+\advance\@IEEEeqnnumcols by 1\relax%one more column in the preamble
+\fi%next type not numeral
+\fi%next type not glue
+}
+
+
+%%
+%% END OF IEEEeqnarry DEFINITIONS
+%%
+
+
+
+
+% set up the running headings, this complex because of all the different
+% modes IEEEtran supports
+\if@twoside
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote
+ \def\ps@headings{%
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\leftmark \hfil \thepage}
+ \def\@evenhead{\scriptsize\thepage \hfil \leftmark\hbox{}}
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot
+ \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\scriptsize\@date\hfil DRAFT}
+ \def\@evenfoot{\scriptsize DRAFT\hfil\@date}
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}
+ \fi}
+ \else % not a technote
+ \def\ps@headings{%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+ \def\@oddhead{}
+ \def\@evenhead{}
+ \else
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\rightmark \hfil \thepage}
+ \def\@evenhead{\scriptsize\thepage \hfil \leftmark\hbox{}}
+ \fi
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\rightmark \hfil \thepage}
+ \def\@evenhead{\scriptsize\thepage \hfil \leftmark\hbox{}}
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot
+ \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\scriptsize\@date\hfil DRAFT}
+ \def\@evenfoot{\scriptsize DRAFT\hfil\@date}
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%
+ \fi}
+ \fi
+\else % single side
+\def\ps@headings{%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+ \def\@oddhead{}
+ \def\@evenhead{}
+ \else
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\leftmark \hfil \thepage}
+ \def\@evenhead{}
+ \fi
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\leftmark \hfil \thepage}
+ \def\@evenhead{}
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot
+ \def\@oddfoot{}
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\scriptsize \@date \hfil DRAFT}
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{}
+ \fi
+ \def\@evenfoot{}}
+\fi
+
+
+% title page style
+\def\ps@IEEEtitlepagestyle{\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+ \def\@oddhead{}%
+ \def\@evenhead{}%
+\else
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\leftmark \hfil \thepage}%
+ \def\@evenhead{\scriptsize\thepage \hfil \leftmark\hbox{}}%
+\fi
+\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \def\@oddhead{\hbox{}\scriptsize\leftmark \hfil \thepage}%
+ \def\@evenhead{\scriptsize\thepage \hfil \leftmark\hbox{}}%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot\else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\scriptsize \@date\hfil DRAFT}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\scriptsize DRAFT\hfil \@date}%
+ \fi
+\else
+ % all non-draft mode footers
+ \if@IEEEusingpubid
+ % for title pages that are using a pubid
+ % do not repeat pubid if using peer review option
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+ \else
+ \footskip 0pt%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hss\normalfont\scriptsize\raisebox{-1.5\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}[0ex][0ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hss\normalfont\scriptsize\raisebox{-1.5\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}[0ex][0ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hss\normalfont\footnotesize\raisebox{1.5ex}[1.5ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hss\normalfont\footnotesize\raisebox{1.5ex}[1.5ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi}
+
+
+% peer review cover page style
+\def\ps@IEEEpeerreviewcoverpagestyle{%
+\def\@oddhead{}\def\@evenhead{}%
+\def\@oddfoot{}\def\@evenfoot{}%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONdraftclsnofoot\else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\scriptsize \@date\hfil DRAFT}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\scriptsize DRAFT\hfil \@date}%
+ \fi
+\else
+ % non-draft mode footers
+ \if@IEEEusingpubid
+ \footskip 0pt%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hss\normalfont\scriptsize\raisebox{-1.5\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}[0ex][0ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hss\normalfont\scriptsize\raisebox{-1.5\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}[0ex][0ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \else
+ \def\@oddfoot{\hss\normalfont\footnotesize\raisebox{1.5ex}[1.5ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \def\@evenfoot{\hss\normalfont\footnotesize\raisebox{1.5ex}[1.5ex]{\@IEEEpubid}\hss}%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi}
+
+
+% start with empty headings
+\def\rightmark{}\def\leftmark{}
+
+
+%% Defines the command for putting the header. \footernote{TEXT} is the same
+%% as \markboth{TEXT}{TEXT}.
+%% Note that all the text is forced into uppercase, if you have some text
+%% that needs to be in lower case, for instance et. al., then either manually
+%% set \leftmark and \rightmark or use \MakeLowercase{et. al.} within the
+%% arguments to \markboth.
+\def\markboth#1#2{\def\leftmark{\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\MakeUppercase{#1}}%
+\def\rightmark{\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\MakeUppercase{#2}}}
+\def\footernote#1{\markboth{#1}{#1}}
+
+\def\today{\ifcase\month\or
+ January\or February\or March\or April\or May\or June\or
+ July\or August\or September\or October\or November\or December\fi
+ \space\number\day, \number\year}
+
+
+
+
+%% CITATION AND BIBLIOGRAPHY COMMANDS
+%%
+%% V1.6 no longer supports the older, nonstandard \shortcite and \citename setup stuff
+%
+%
+% Modify Latex2e \@citex to separate citations with "], ["
+\def\@citex[#1]#2{%
+ \let\@citea\@empty
+ \@cite{\@for\@citeb:=#2\do
+ {\@citea\def\@citea{], [}%
+ \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb\@empty}%
+ \if@filesw\immediate\write\@auxout{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi
+ \@ifundefined{b@\@citeb}{\mbox{\reset@font\bfseries ?}%
+ \G@refundefinedtrue
+ \@latex@warning
+ {Citation `\@citeb' on page \thepage \space undefined}}%
+ {\hbox{\csname b@\@citeb\endcsname}}}}{#1}}
+
+% V1.6 we create hooks for the optional use of Donald Arseneau's
+% cite.sty package. cite.sty is "smart" and will notice that the
+% following format controls are already defined and will not
+% redefine them. The result will be the proper sorting of the
+% citation numbers and auto detection of 3 or more entry "ranges" -
+% all in IEEE style: [1], [2], [5]--[7], [12]
+% This also allows for an optional note, i.e., \cite[mynote]{..}.
+% If the \cite with note has more than one reference, the note will
+% be applied to the last of the listed references. It is generally
+% desired that if a note is given, only one reference is listed in
+% that \cite.
+% Thanks to Mr. Arseneau for providing the required format arguments
+% to produce the IEEE style.
+\def\citepunct{], [}
+\def\citedash{]--[}
+
+% V1.7 default to using same font for urls made by url.sty
+\AtBeginDocument{\csname url@samestyle\endcsname}
+
+% V1.6 class files should always provide these
+\def\newblock{\hskip .11em\@plus.33em\@minus.07em}
+\let\@openbib@code\@empty
+
+
+% Provide support for the control entries of IEEEtran.bst V1.00 and later.
+% V1.7 optional argument allows for a different aux file to be specified in
+% order to handle multiple bibliographies. For example, with multibib.sty:
+% \newcites{sec}{Secondary Literature}
+% \bstctlcite[@auxoutsec]{BSTcontrolhak}
+\def\bstctlcite{\@ifnextchar[{\@bstctlcite}{\@bstctlcite[@auxout]}}
+\def\@bstctlcite[#1]#2{\@bsphack
+ \@for\@citeb:=#2\do{%
+ \edef\@citeb{\expandafter\@firstofone\@citeb}%
+ \if@filesw\immediate\write\csname #1\endcsname{\string\citation{\@citeb}}\fi}%
+ \@esphack}
+
+% V1.6 provide a way for a user to execute a command just before
+% a given reference number - used to insert a \newpage to balance
+% the columns on the last page
+\edef\@IEEEtriggerrefnum{0} % the default of zero means that
+ % the command is not executed
+\def\@IEEEtriggercmd{\newpage}
+
+% allow the user to alter the triggered command
+\long\def\IEEEtriggercmd#1{\long\def\@IEEEtriggercmd{#1}}
+
+% allow user a way to specify the reference number just before the
+% command is executed
+\def\IEEEtriggeratref#1{\@IEEEtrantmpcountA=#1%
+\edef\@IEEEtriggerrefnum{\the\@IEEEtrantmpcountA}}%
+
+% trigger command at the given reference
+\def\@IEEEbibitemprefix{\@IEEEtrantmpcountA=\@IEEEtriggerrefnum\relax%
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by -1\relax%
+\ifnum\c@enumiv=\@IEEEtrantmpcountA\relax\@IEEEtriggercmd\relax\fi}
+
+
+\def\@biblabel#1{[#1]}
+
+% compsoc journals left align the reference numbers
+\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\def\@biblabel#1{[#1]\hfill}}
+
+% controls bib item spacing
+\def\IEEEbibitemsep{0pt plus .5pt}
+
+\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\def\IEEEbibitemsep{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}}
+
+
+\def\thebibliography#1{\section*{\refname}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\refname}%
+ % V1.6 add some rubber space here and provide a command trigger
+ \footnotesize\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\small}\vskip 0.3\baselineskip plus 0.1\baselineskip minus 0.1\baselineskip%
+ \list{\@biblabel{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ {\settowidth\labelwidth{\@biblabel{#1}}%
+ \leftmargin\labelwidth
+ \advance\leftmargin\labelsep\relax
+ \itemsep \IEEEbibitemsep\relax
+ \usecounter{enumiv}%
+ \let\p@enumiv\@empty
+ \renewcommand\theenumiv{\@arabic\c@enumiv}}%
+ \let\@IEEElatexbibitem\bibitem%
+ \def\bibitem{\@IEEEbibitemprefix\@IEEElatexbibitem}%
+\def\newblock{\hskip .11em plus .33em minus .07em}%
+% originally:
+% \sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000%
+% by adding the \interlinepenalty here, we make it more
+% difficult, but not impossible, for LaTeX to break within a reference.
+% IEEE almost never breaks a reference (but they do it more often with
+% technotes). You may get an underfull vbox warning around the bibliography,
+% but the final result will be much more like what IEEE will publish.
+% MDS 11/2000
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000\interlinepenalty100%
+\else\sloppy\clubpenalty4000\widowpenalty4000\interlinepenalty500\fi%
+ \sfcode`\.=1000\relax}
+\let\endthebibliography=\endlist
+
+
+
+
+% TITLE PAGE COMMANDS
+%
+%
+% \IEEEmembership is used to produce the sublargesize italic font used to indicate author
+% IEEE membership. compsoc uses a large size sans slant font
+\def\IEEEmembership#1{{\@IEEEnotcompsoconly{\sublargesize}\normalfont\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\textit{#1}}}
+
+
+% \IEEEauthorrefmark{} produces a footnote type symbol to indicate author affiliation.
+% When given an argument of 1 to 9, \IEEEauthorrefmark{} follows the standard LaTeX footnote
+% symbol sequence convention. However, for arguments 10 and above, \IEEEauthorrefmark{}
+% reverts to using lower case roman numerals, so it cannot overflow. Do note that you
+% cannot use \footnotemark[] in place of \IEEEauthorrefmark{} within \author as the footnote
+% symbols will have been turned off to prevent \thanks from creating footnote marks.
+% \IEEEauthorrefmark{} produces a symbol that appears to LaTeX as having zero vertical
+% height - this allows for a more compact line packing, but the user must ensure that
+% the interline spacing is large enough to prevent \IEEEauthorrefmark{} from colliding
+% with the text above.
+% V1.7 make this a robust command
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\IEEEauthorrefmark}[1]{\raisebox{0pt}[0pt][0pt]{\textsuperscript{\footnotesize\ensuremath{\ifcase#1\or *\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or%
+ \mathsection\or \mathparagraph\or \|\or **\or \dagger\dagger%
+ \or \ddagger\ddagger \else\textsuperscript{\expandafter\romannumeral#1}\fi}}}}
+
+
+% FONT CONTROLS AND SPACINGS FOR CONFERENCE MODE AUTHOR NAME AND AFFILIATION BLOCKS
+%
+% The default font styles for the author name and affiliation blocks (confmode)
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockNstyle{\normalfont\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\sffamily}\sublargesize\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\large}}
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockAstyle{\normalfont\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\sffamily}\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\itshape}\normalsize\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\large}}
+% The default if the user does not use an author block
+\def\@IEEEauthordefaulttextstyle{\normalfont\@IEEEcompsocnotconfonly{\sffamily}\sublargesize}
+
+% spacing from title (or special paper notice) to author name blocks (confmode)
+% can be negative
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockconfadjspace{-0.25em}
+% compsoc conferences need more space here
+\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\def\@IEEEauthorblockconfadjspace{0.75\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip}}
+
+% spacing between name and affiliation blocks (confmode)
+% This can be negative.
+% IEEE doesn't want any added spacing here, but I will leave these
+% controls in place in case they ever change their mind.
+% Personally, I like 0.75ex.
+%\def\@IEEEauthorblockNtopspace{0.75ex}
+%\def\@IEEEauthorblockAtopspace{0.75ex}
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockNtopspace{0.0ex}
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockAtopspace{0.0ex}
+% baseline spacing within name and affiliation blocks (confmode)
+% must be positive, spacings below certain values will make
+% the position of line of text sensitive to the contents of the
+% line above it i.e., whether or not the prior line has descenders,
+% subscripts, etc. For this reason it is a good idea to keep
+% these above 2.6ex
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockNinterlinespace{2.6ex}
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockAinterlinespace{2.75ex}
+
+% This tracks the required strut size.
+% See the \@IEEEauthorhalign command for the actual default value used.
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{2.7ex}
+
+% variables to retain font size and style across groups
+% values given here have no effect as they will be overwritten later
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontsize{10}
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontbaselineskip{12}
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontencoding{OT1}
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontfamily{ptm}
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontseries{m}
+\gdef\@IEEESAVESTATEfontshape{n}
+
+% saves the current font attributes
+\def\@IEEEcurfontSAVE{\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontsize\f@size%
+\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontbaselineskip\f@baselineskip%
+\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontencoding\f@encoding%
+\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontfamily\f@family%
+\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontseries\f@series%
+\global\let\@IEEESAVESTATEfontshape\f@shape}
+
+% restores the saved font attributes
+\def\@IEEEcurfontRESTORE{\fontsize{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontsize}{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontbaselineskip}%
+\fontencoding{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontencoding}%
+\fontfamily{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontfamily}%
+\fontseries{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontseries}%
+\fontshape{\@IEEESAVESTATEfontshape}%
+\selectfont}
+
+
+% variable to indicate if the current block is the first block in the column
+\newif\if@IEEEprevauthorblockincol \@IEEEprevauthorblockincolfalse
+
+
+% the command places a strut with height and depth = \@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace
+% we use this technique to have complete manual control over the spacing of the lines
+% within the halign environment.
+% We set the below baseline portion at 30%, the above
+% baseline portion at 70% of the total length.
+% Responds to changes in the document's \baselinestretch
+\def\@IEEEauthorstrutrule{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace%
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=\baselinestretch\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA%
+\rule[-0.3\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA]{0pt}{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}}
+
+
+% blocks to hold the authors' names and affilations.
+% Makes formatting easy for conferences
+%
+% use real definitions in conference mode
+% name block
+\def\IEEEauthorblockN#1{\relax\@IEEEauthorblockNstyle% set the default text style
+\gdef\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{0pt}% disable strut for spacer row
+% the \expandafter hides the \cr in conditional tex, see the array.sty docs
+% for details, probably not needed here as the \cr is in a macro
+% do a spacer row if needed
+\if@IEEEprevauthorblockincol\expandafter\@IEEEauthorblockNtopspaceline\fi
+\global\@IEEEprevauthorblockincoltrue% we now have a block in this column
+%restore the correct strut value
+\gdef\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{\@IEEEauthorblockNinterlinespace}%
+% input the author names
+#1%
+% end the row if the user did not already
+\crcr}
+% spacer row for names
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockNtopspaceline{\cr\noalign{\vskip\@IEEEauthorblockNtopspace}}
+%
+% affiliation block
+\def\IEEEauthorblockA#1{\relax\@IEEEauthorblockAstyle% set the default text style
+\gdef\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{0pt}%disable strut for spacer row
+% the \expandafter hides the \cr in conditional tex, see the array.sty docs
+% for details, probably not needed here as the \cr is in a macro
+% do a spacer row if needed
+\if@IEEEprevauthorblockincol\expandafter\@IEEEauthorblockAtopspaceline\fi
+\global\@IEEEprevauthorblockincoltrue% we now have a block in this column
+%restore the correct strut value
+\gdef\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{\@IEEEauthorblockAinterlinespace}%
+% input the author affiliations
+#1%
+% end the row if the user did not already
+\crcr}
+% spacer row for affiliations
+\def\@IEEEauthorblockAtopspaceline{\cr\noalign{\vskip\@IEEEauthorblockAtopspace}}
+
+
+% allow papers to compile even if author blocks are used in modes other
+% than conference or peerreviewca. For such cases, we provide dummy blocks.
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+\else
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreviewca\else
+ % not conference or peerreviewca mode
+ \def\IEEEauthorblockN#1{#1}%
+ \def\IEEEauthorblockA#1{#1}%
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+
+
+% we provide our own halign so as not to have to depend on tabular
+\def\@IEEEauthorhalign{\@IEEEauthordefaulttextstyle% default text style
+ \lineskip=0pt\relax% disable line spacing
+ \lineskiplimit=0pt\relax%
+ \baselineskip=0pt\relax%
+ \@IEEEcurfontSAVE% save the current font
+ \mathsurround\z@\relax% no extra spacing around math
+ \let\\\@IEEEauthorhaligncr% replace newline with halign friendly one
+ \tabskip=0pt\relax% no column spacing
+ \everycr{}% ensure no problems here
+ \@IEEEprevauthorblockincolfalse% no author blocks yet
+ \def\@IEEEauthorblockXinterlinespace{2.7ex}% default interline space
+ \vtop\bgroup%vtop box
+ \halign\bgroup&\relax\hfil\@IEEEcurfontRESTORE\relax ##\relax
+ \hfil\@IEEEcurfontSAVE\@IEEEauthorstrutrule\cr}
+
+% ensure last line, exit from halign, close vbox
+\def\end@IEEEauthorhalign{\crcr\egroup\egroup}
+
+% handle bogus star form
+\def\@IEEEauthorhaligncr{{\ifnum0=`}\fi\@ifstar{\@@IEEEauthorhaligncr}{\@@IEEEauthorhaligncr}}
+
+% test and setup the optional argument to \\[]
+\def\@@IEEEauthorhaligncr{\@testopt\@@@IEEEauthorhaligncr\z@skip}
+
+% end the line and do the optional spacer
+\def\@@@IEEEauthorhaligncr[#1]{\ifnum0=`{\fi}\cr\noalign{\vskip#1\relax}}
+
+
+
+% flag to prevent multiple \and warning messages
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNand
+\@IEEEWARNandtrue
+
+% if in conference or peerreviewca modes, we support the use of \and as \author is a
+% tabular environment, otherwise we warn the user that \and is invalid
+% outside of conference or peerreviewca modes.
+\def\and{\relax} % provide a bogus \and that we will then override
+
+\renewcommand{\and}[1][\relax]{\if@IEEEWARNand\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\and is valid only
+ when in conference or peerreviewca}\typeout{modes (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNandfalse}
+
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference%
+\renewcommand{\and}[1][\hfill]{\end{@IEEEauthorhalign}#1\begin{@IEEEauthorhalign}}%
+\fi
+\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreviewca
+\renewcommand{\and}[1][\hfill]{\end{@IEEEauthorhalign}#1\begin{@IEEEauthorhalign}}%
+\fi
+
+
+% page clearing command
+% based on LaTeX2e's \cleardoublepage, but allows different page styles
+% for the inserted blank pages
+\def\@IEEEcleardoublepage#1{\clearpage\if@twoside\ifodd\c@page\else
+\hbox{}\thispagestyle{#1}\newpage\if@twocolumn\hbox{}\thispagestyle{#1}\newpage\fi\fi\fi}
+
+
+% user command to invoke the title page
+\def\maketitle{\par%
+ \begingroup%
+ \normalfont%
+ \def\thefootnote{}% the \thanks{} mark type is empty
+ \def\footnotemark{}% and kill space from \thanks within author
+ \let\@makefnmark\relax% V1.7, must *really* kill footnotemark to remove all \textsuperscript spacing as well.
+ \footnotesize% equal spacing between thanks lines
+ \footnotesep 0.7\baselineskip%see global setting of \footnotesep for more info
+ % V1.7 disable \thanks note indention for compsoc
+ \@IEEEcompsoconly{\long\def\@makefntext##1{\parindent 1em\noindent\hbox{\@makefnmark}##1}}%
+ \normalsize%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+ \newpage\global\@topnum\z@ \@maketitle\@IEEEstatictitlevskip\@IEEEaftertitletext%
+ \thispagestyle{IEEEpeerreviewcoverpagestyle}\@thanks%
+ \else
+ \if@twocolumn%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote%
+ \newpage\global\@topnum\z@ \@maketitle\@IEEEstatictitlevskip\@IEEEaftertitletext%
+ \else
+ \twocolumn[\@maketitle\@IEEEdynamictitlevspace\@IEEEaftertitletext]%
+ \fi
+ \else
+ \newpage\global\@topnum\z@ \@maketitle\@IEEEstatictitlevskip\@IEEEaftertitletext%
+ \fi
+ \thispagestyle{IEEEtitlepagestyle}\@thanks%
+ \fi
+ % pullup page for pubid if used.
+ \if@IEEEusingpubid
+ \enlargethispage{-\@IEEEpubidpullup}%
+ \fi
+ \endgroup
+ \setcounter{footnote}{0}\let\maketitle\relax\let\@maketitle\relax
+ \gdef\@thanks{}%
+ % v1.6b do not clear these as we will need the title again for peer review papers
+ % \gdef\@author{}\gdef\@title{}%
+ \let\thanks\relax}
+
+
+
+% V1.7 parbox to format \@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext
+\long\def\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextextbox#1{\parbox{0.915\textwidth}{#1}}
+
+% formats the Title, authors names, affiliations and special paper notice
+% THIS IS A CONTROLLED SPACING COMMAND! Do not allow blank lines or unintentional
+% spaces to enter the definition - use % at the end of each line
+\def\@maketitle{\newpage
+\begin{center}%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote% technotes
+ {\bfseries\large\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\@title\par}\vskip 1.3em{\lineskip .5em\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\@author
+ \@IEEEspecialpapernotice\par{\@IEEEcompsoconly{\vskip 1.5em\relax
+ \@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextextbox{\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext}\par
+ \hfill\@IEEEcompsocdiamondline\hfill\hbox{}\par}}}\relax
+\else% not a technote
+ \vskip0.2em{\Huge\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\normalfont\normalsize\vskip 2\@IEEEnormalsizeunitybaselineskip
+ \bfseries\Large}\@title\par}\vskip1.0em\par%
+ % V1.6 handle \author differently if in conference mode
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference%
+ {\@IEEEspecialpapernotice\mbox{}\vskip\@IEEEauthorblockconfadjspace%
+ \mbox{}\hfill\begin{@IEEEauthorhalign}\@author\end{@IEEEauthorhalign}\hfill\mbox{}\par}\relax
+ \else% peerreviewca, peerreview or journal
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreviewca
+ % peerreviewca handles author names just like conference mode
+ {\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\@IEEEspecialpapernotice\mbox{}\vskip\@IEEEauthorblockconfadjspace%
+ \mbox{}\hfill\begin{@IEEEauthorhalign}\@author\end{@IEEEauthorhalign}\hfill\mbox{}\par
+ {\@IEEEcompsoconly{\vskip 1.5em\relax
+ \@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextextbox{\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext}\par\hfill
+ \@IEEEcompsocdiamondline\hfill\hbox{}\par}}}\relax
+ \else% journal or peerreview
+ {\lineskip.5em\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\sublargesize\@author\@IEEEspecialpapernotice\par
+ {\@IEEEcompsoconly{\vskip 1.5em\relax
+ \@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextextbox{\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext}\par\hfill
+ \@IEEEcompsocdiamondline\hfill\hbox{}\par}}}\relax
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi\end{center}}
+
+
+
+% V1.7 Computer Society "diamond line" which follows index terms for nonconference papers
+\def\@IEEEcompsocdiamondline{\vrule depth 0pt height 0.5pt width 4cm\hspace{7.5pt}%
+\raisebox{-3.5pt}{\fontfamily{pzd}\fontencoding{U}\fontseries{m}\fontshape{n}\fontsize{11}{12}\selectfont\char70}%
+\hspace{7.5pt}\vrule depth 0pt height 0.5pt width 4cm\relax}
+
+% V1.7 standard LateX2e \thanks, but with \itshape under compsoc. Also make it a \long\def
+% We also need to trigger the one-shot footnote rule
+\def\@IEEEtriggeroneshotfootnoterule{\global\@IEEEenableoneshotfootnoteruletrue}
+
+
+\long\def\thanks#1{\footnotemark
+ \protected@xdef\@thanks{\@thanks
+ \protect\footnotetext[\the\c@footnote]{\@IEEEcompsoconly{\itshape
+ \protect\@IEEEtriggeroneshotfootnoterule\relax}\ignorespaces#1}}}
+\let\@thanks\@empty
+
+% V1.7 allow \author to contain \par's. This is needed to allow \thanks to contain \par.
+\long\def\author#1{\gdef\@author{#1}}
+
+
+% in addition to setting up IEEEitemize, we need to remove a baselineskip space above and
+% below it because \list's \pars introduce blank lines because of the footnote struts.
+\def\@IEEEsetupcompsocitemizelist{\def\labelitemi{$\bullet$}%
+\setlength{\IEEElabelindent}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}%
+\setlength{\partopsep}{0pt}\setlength{\topsep}{0.5\baselineskip}\vspace{-1\baselineskip}\relax}
+
+
+% flag for fake non-compsoc \IEEEcompsocthanksitem - prevents line break on very first item
+\newif\if@IEEEbreakcompsocthanksitem \@IEEEbreakcompsocthanksitemfalse
+
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+% V1.7 compsoc bullet item \thanks
+% also, we need to redefine this to destroy the argument in \@IEEEdynamictitlevspace
+\long\def\IEEEcompsocitemizethanks#1{\relax\@IEEEbreakcompsocthanksitemfalse\footnotemark
+ \protected@xdef\@thanks{\@thanks
+ \protect\footnotetext[\the\c@footnote]{\itshape\protect\@IEEEtriggeroneshotfootnoterule
+ {\let\IEEEiedlistdecl\relax\protect\begin{IEEEitemize}[\protect\@IEEEsetupcompsocitemizelist]\ignorespaces#1\relax
+ \protect\end{IEEEitemize}}\protect\vspace{-1\baselineskip}}}}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*{\IEEEcompsocthanksitem}{\item}
+\else
+% non-compsoc, allow for dual compilation via rerouting to normal \thanks
+\long\def\IEEEcompsocitemizethanks#1{\thanks{#1}}
+% redirect to "pseudo-par" \hfil\break\indent after swallowing [] from \IEEEcompsocthanksitem[]
+\DeclareRobustCommand{\IEEEcompsocthanksitem}{\@ifnextchar [{\@IEEEthanksswallowoptionalarg}%
+{\@IEEEthanksswallowoptionalarg[\relax]}}
+% be sure and break only after first item, be sure and ignore spaces after optional argument
+\def\@IEEEthanksswallowoptionalarg[#1]{\relax\if@IEEEbreakcompsocthanksitem\hfil\break
+\indent\fi\@IEEEbreakcompsocthanksitemtrue\ignorespaces}
+\fi
+
+
+% V1.6b define the \IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle as needed
+\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+\def\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle{\@IEEEcleardoublepage{empty}%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn
+\twocolumn[\@IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle\@IEEEdynamictitlevspace]
+\else
+\newpage\@IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle\@IEEEstatictitlevskip
+\fi
+\thispagestyle{IEEEtitlepagestyle}}
+\else
+% \IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle does nothing if peer review option has not been selected
+\def\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle{\relax}
+\fi
+
+% peerreview formats the repeated title like the title in journal papers.
+\def\@IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle{\begin{center}\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}%
+\normalfont\normalsize\vskip0.2em{\Huge\@title\par}\vskip1.0em\par
+\end{center}}
+
+
+
+% V1.6
+% this is a static rubber spacer between the title/authors and the main text
+% used for single column text, or when the title appears in the first column
+% of two column text (technotes).
+\def\@IEEEstatictitlevskip{{\normalfont\normalsize
+% adjust spacing to next text
+% v1.6b handle peer review papers
+\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+% for peer review papers, the same value is used for both title pages
+% regardless of the other paper modes
+ \vskip 1\baselineskip plus 0.375\baselineskip minus 0.1875\baselineskip
+\else
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference% conference
+ \vskip 1\baselineskip plus 0.375\baselineskip minus 0.1875\baselineskip%
+ \else%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote% technote
+ \vskip 1\baselineskip plus 0.375\baselineskip minus 0.1875\baselineskip%
+ \else% journal uses more space
+ \vskip 2.5\baselineskip plus 0.75\baselineskip minus 0.375\baselineskip%
+ \fi
+ \fi
+\fi}}
+
+
+% V1.6
+% This is a dynamically determined rigid spacer between the title/authors
+% and the main text. This is used only for single column titles over two
+% column text (most common)
+% This is bit tricky because we have to ensure that the textheight of the
+% main text is an integer multiple of \baselineskip
+% otherwise underfull vbox problems may develop in the second column of the
+% text on the titlepage
+% The possible use of \IEEEpubid must also be taken into account.
+\def\@IEEEdynamictitlevspace{{%
+ % we run within a group so that all the macros can be forgotten when we are done
+ \long\def\thanks##1{\relax}%don't allow \thanks to run when we evaluate the vbox height
+ \long\def\IEEEcompsocitemizethanks##1{\relax}%don't allow \IEEEcompsocitemizethanks to run when we evaluate the vbox height
+ \normalfont\normalsize% we declare more descriptive variable names
+ \let\@IEEEmaintextheight=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA%height of the main text columns
+ \let\@IEEEINTmaintextheight=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB%height of the main text columns with integer # lines
+ % set the nominal and minimum values for the title spacer
+ % the dynamic algorithm will not allow the spacer size to
+ % become less than \@IEEEMINtitlevspace - instead it will be
+ % lengthened
+ % default to journal values
+ \def\@IEEENORMtitlevspace{2.5\baselineskip}%
+ \def\@IEEEMINtitlevspace{2\baselineskip}%
+ % conferences and technotes need tighter spacing
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference%conference
+ \def\@IEEENORMtitlevspace{1\baselineskip}%
+ \def\@IEEEMINtitlevspace{0.75\baselineskip}%
+ \fi
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote%technote
+ \def\@IEEENORMtitlevspace{1\baselineskip}%
+ \def\@IEEEMINtitlevspace{0.75\baselineskip}%
+ \fi%
+ % get the height that the title will take up
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+ \settoheight{\@IEEEmaintextheight}{\vbox{\hsize\textwidth \@IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle}}%
+ \else
+ \settoheight{\@IEEEmaintextheight}{\vbox{\hsize\textwidth \@maketitle}}%
+ \fi
+ \@IEEEmaintextheight=-\@IEEEmaintextheight% title takes away from maintext, so reverse sign
+ % add the height of the page textheight
+ \advance\@IEEEmaintextheight by \textheight%
+ % correct for title pages using pubid
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview\else
+ % peerreview papers use the pubid on the cover page only.
+ % And the cover page uses a static spacer.
+ \if@IEEEusingpubid\advance\@IEEEmaintextheight by -\@IEEEpubidpullup\fi
+ \fi%
+ % subtract off the nominal value of the title bottom spacer
+ \advance\@IEEEmaintextheight by -\@IEEENORMtitlevspace%
+ % \topskip takes away some too
+ \advance\@IEEEmaintextheight by -\topskip%
+ % calculate the column height of the main text for lines
+ % now we calculate the main text height as if holding
+ % an integer number of \normalsize lines after the first
+ % and discard any excess fractional remainder
+ % we subtracted the first line, because the first line
+ % is placed \topskip into the maintext, not \baselineskip like the
+ % rest of the lines.
+ \@IEEEINTmaintextheight=\@IEEEmaintextheight%
+ \divide\@IEEEINTmaintextheight by \baselineskip%
+ \multiply\@IEEEINTmaintextheight by \baselineskip%
+ % now we calculate how much the title spacer height will
+ % have to be reduced from nominal (\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight is always
+ % a positive value) so that the maintext area will contain an integer
+ % number of normal size lines
+ % we change variable names here (to avoid confusion) as we no longer
+ % need \@IEEEINTmaintextheight and can reuse its dimen register
+ \let\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight=\@IEEEINTmaintextheight%
+ \advance\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight by -\@IEEEmaintextheight%
+ \advance\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight by \baselineskip%
+ % this is the calculated height of the spacer
+ % we change variable names here (to avoid confusion) as we no longer
+ % need \@IEEEmaintextheight and can reuse its dimen register
+ \let\@IEEECOMPENSATElen=\@IEEEmaintextheight%
+ \@IEEECOMPENSATElen=\@IEEENORMtitlevspace% set the nominal value
+ % we go with the reduced length if it is smaller than an increase
+ \ifdim\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight < 0.5\baselineskip\relax%
+ \advance\@IEEECOMPENSATElen by -\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight%
+ % if the resulting spacer is too small back out and go with an increase instead
+ \ifdim\@IEEECOMPENSATElen<\@IEEEMINtitlevspace\relax%
+ \advance\@IEEECOMPENSATElen by \baselineskip%
+ \fi%
+ \else%
+ % go with an increase because it is closer to the nominal than a decrease
+ \advance\@IEEECOMPENSATElen by -\@IEEEREDUCEmaintextheight%
+ \advance\@IEEECOMPENSATElen by \baselineskip%
+ \fi%
+ % set the calculated rigid spacer
+ \vspace{\@IEEECOMPENSATElen}}}
+
+
+
+% V1.6
+% we allow the user access to the last part of the title area
+% useful in emergencies such as when a different spacing is needed
+% This text is NOT compensated for in the dynamic sizer.
+\let\@IEEEaftertitletext=\relax
+\long\def\IEEEaftertitletext#1{\def\@IEEEaftertitletext{#1}}
+
+% V1.7 provide a way for users to enter abstract and keywords
+% into the onecolumn title are. This text is compensated for
+% in the dynamic sizer.
+\let\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext=\relax
+\long\def\IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext#1{\def\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext{#1}}
+% V1.7 provide a way for users to get the \@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext if
+% not in compsoc journal mode - this way abstract and keywords can be placed
+% in their conventional position if not in compsoc mode.
+\def\IEEEdisplaynotcompsoctitleabstractindextext{%
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc% display if compsoc conf
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext\fi
+\else% or if not compsoc
+\@IEEEcompsoctitleabstractindextext\fi}
+
+
+% command to allow alteration of baselinestretch, but only if the current
+% baselineskip is unity. Used to tweak the compsoc abstract and keywords line spacing.
+\def\@IEEEtweakunitybaselinestretch#1{{\def\baselinestretch{1}\selectfont
+\global\@tempskipa\baselineskip}\ifnum\@tempskipa=\baselineskip%
+\def\baselinestretch{#1}\selectfont\fi\relax}
+
+
+% abstract and keywords are in \small, except
+% for 9pt docs in which they are in \footnotesize
+% Because 9pt docs use an 8pt footnotesize, \small
+% becomes a rather awkward 8.5pt
+\def\@IEEEabskeysecsize{\small}
+\ifx\CLASSOPTIONpt\@IEEEptsizenine
+ \def\@IEEEabskeysecsize{\footnotesize}
+\fi
+
+% compsoc journals use \footnotesize, compsoc conferences use normalsize
+\@IEEEcompsoconly{\def\@IEEEabskeysecsize{\footnotesize}}
+\@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\def\@IEEEabskeysecsize{\normalsize}}
+
+
+
+
+% V1.6 have abstract and keywords strip leading spaces, pars and newlines
+% so that spacing is more tightly controlled.
+\def\abstract{\normalfont
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@IEEEabskeysecsize\bfseries\textit{\abstractname}---\relax
+ \else
+ \begin{center}\vspace{-1.78ex}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\abstractname}\end{center}\quotation\@IEEEabskeysecsize
+ \fi\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+% V1.6 IEEE wants only 1 pica from end of abstract to introduction heading when in
+% conference mode (the heading already has this much above it)
+\def\endabstract{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\vspace{0ex}\else\vspace{1.34ex}\fi\par\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi
+ \normalfont\normalsize}
+
+\def\IEEEkeywords{\normalfont
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@IEEEabskeysecsize\bfseries\textit{\IEEEkeywordsname}---\relax
+ \else
+ \begin{center}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\IEEEkeywordsname}\end{center}\quotation\@IEEEabskeysecsize
+ \fi\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+\def\endIEEEkeywords{\relax\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote\vspace{1.34ex}\else\vspace{0.67ex}\fi
+ \par\if@twocolumn\else\endquotation\fi%
+ \normalfont\normalsize}
+
+% V1.7 compsoc keywords index terms
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONconference% compsoc conference
+\def\abstract{\normalfont
+ \begin{center}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\large\abstractname}\end{center}\vskip 0.5\baselineskip plus 0.1\baselineskip minus 0.1\baselineskip
+ \if@twocolumn\else\quotation\fi\itshape\@IEEEabskeysecsize%
+ \par\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+\def\IEEEkeywords{\normalfont\vskip 1.5\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip
+ \begin{center}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\large\IEEEkeywordsname}\end{center}\vskip 0.5\baselineskip plus 0.1\baselineskip minus 0.1\baselineskip
+ \if@twocolumn\else\quotation\fi\itshape\@IEEEabskeysecsize%
+ \par\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+ \else% compsoc not conference
+\def\abstract{\normalfont\@IEEEtweakunitybaselinestretch{1.15}\sffamily
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@IEEEabskeysecsize\noindent\textbf{\abstractname}---\relax
+ \else
+ \begin{center}\vspace{-1.78ex}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\abstractname}\end{center}\quotation\@IEEEabskeysecsize%
+ \fi\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+\def\IEEEkeywords{\normalfont\@IEEEtweakunitybaselinestretch{1.15}\sffamily
+ \if@twocolumn
+ \@IEEEabskeysecsize\vskip 0.5\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip\noindent
+ \textbf{\IEEEkeywordsname}---\relax
+ \else
+ \begin{center}\@IEEEabskeysecsize\textbf{\IEEEkeywordsname}\end{center}\quotation\@IEEEabskeysecsize%
+ \fi\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+
+
+% gobbles all leading \, \\ and \par, upon finding first token that
+% is not a \ , \\ or a \par, it ceases and returns that token
+%
+% used to strip leading \, \\ and \par from the input
+% so that such things in the beginning of an environment will not
+% affect the formatting of the text
+\long\def\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP#1{\let\@IEEEswallowthistoken=0%
+\let\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSPtoken#1%
+\let\@IEEEgobbleleadPARtoken=\par%
+\let\@IEEEgobbleleadNLtoken=\\%
+\let\@IEEEgobbleleadSPtoken=\ %
+\def\@IEEEgobbleleadSPMACRO{\ }%
+\ifx\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSPtoken\@IEEEgobbleleadPARtoken%
+\let\@IEEEswallowthistoken=1%
+\fi%
+\ifx\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSPtoken\@IEEEgobbleleadNLtoken%
+\let\@IEEEswallowthistoken=1%
+\fi%
+\ifx\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSPtoken\@IEEEgobbleleadSPtoken%
+\let\@IEEEswallowthistoken=1%
+\fi%
+% a control space will come in as a macro
+% when it is the last one on a line
+\ifx\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSPtoken\@IEEEgobbleleadSPMACRO%
+\let\@IEEEswallowthistoken=1%
+\fi%
+% if we have to swallow this token, do so and taste the next one
+% else spit it out and stop gobbling
+\ifx\@IEEEswallowthistoken 1\let\@IEEEnextgobbleleadPARNLSP=\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP\else%
+\let\@IEEEnextgobbleleadPARNLSP=#1\fi%
+\@IEEEnextgobbleleadPARNLSP}%
+
+
+
+
+% TITLING OF SECTIONS
+\def\@IEEEsectpunct{:\ \,} % Punctuation after run-in section heading (headings which are
+ % part of the paragraphs), need little bit more than a single space
+ % spacing from section number to title
+% compsoc conferences use regular period/space punctuation
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+\def\@IEEEsectpunct{.\ }
+\fi\fi
+
+
+\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1dis\endcsname\hskip 0.5em\relax}
+
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+% compsoc journals need extra spacing
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference\else
+\def\@seccntformat#1{\csname the#1dis\endcsname\hskip 1em\relax}
+\fi\fi
+
+%v1.7 put {} after #6 to allow for some types of user font control
+%and use \@@par rather than \par
+\def\@sect#1#2#3#4#5#6[#7]#8{%
+ \ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth
+ \let\@svsec\@empty
+ \else
+ \refstepcounter{#1}%
+ % load section label and spacer into \@svsec
+ \protected@edef\@svsec{\@seccntformat{#1}\relax}%
+ \fi%
+ \@tempskipa #5\relax
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@% tempskipa determines whether is treated as a high
+ \begingroup #6{\relax% or low level heading
+ \noindent % subsections are NOT indented
+ % print top level headings. \@svsec is label, #8 is heading title
+ % IEEE does not block indent the section title text, it flows like normal
+ {\hskip #3\relax\@svsec}{\interlinepenalty \@M #8\@@par}}%
+ \endgroup
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth\relax\else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi#7}%
+ \else % printout low level headings
+ % svsechd seems to swallow the trailing space, protect it with \mbox{}
+ % got rid of sectionmark stuff
+ \def\@svsechd{#6{\hskip #3\relax\@svsec #8\@IEEEsectpunct\mbox{}}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{#1}{\ifnum #2>\c@secnumdepth\relax\else
+ \protect\numberline{\csname the#1\endcsname}\fi#7}}%
+ \fi%skip down
+ \@xsect{#5}}
+
+
+% section* handler
+%v1.7 put {} after #4 to allow for some types of user font control
+%and use \@@par rather than \par
+\def\@ssect#1#2#3#4#5{\@tempskipa #3\relax
+ \ifdim \@tempskipa>\z@
+ %\begingroup #4\@hangfrom{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M #5\par}\endgroup
+ % IEEE does not block indent the section title text, it flows like normal
+ \begingroup \noindent #4{\relax{\hskip #1}{\interlinepenalty \@M #5\@@par}}\endgroup
+ % svsechd swallows the trailing space, protect it with \mbox{}
+ \else \def\@svsechd{#4{\hskip #1\relax #5\@IEEEsectpunct\mbox{}}}\fi
+ \@xsect{#3}}
+
+
+%% SECTION heading spacing and font
+%%
+% arguments are: #1 - sectiontype name
+% (for \@sect) #2 - section level
+% #3 - section heading indent
+% #4 - top separation (absolute value used, neg indicates not to indent main text)
+% If negative, make stretch parts negative too!
+% #5 - (absolute value used) positive: bottom separation after heading,
+% negative: amount to indent main text after heading
+% Both #4 and #5 negative means to indent main text and use negative top separation
+% #6 - font control
+% You've got to have \normalfont\normalsize in the font specs below to prevent
+% trouble when you do something like:
+% \section{Note}{\ttfamily TT-TEXT} is known to ...
+% IEEE sometimes REALLY stretches the area before a section
+% heading by up to about 0.5in. However, it may not be a good
+% idea to let LaTeX have quite this much rubber.
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference%
+% IEEE wants section heading spacing to decrease for conference mode
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{1.5ex plus 1.5ex minus 0.5ex}%
+{0.7ex plus 1ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\centering\scshape}}%
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{1.5ex plus 1.5ex minus 0.5ex}%
+{0.7ex plus .5ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}%
+\else % for journals
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{3.0ex plus 1.5ex minus 1.5ex}% V1.6 3.0ex from 3.5ex
+{0.7ex plus 1ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\centering\scshape}}%
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{3.5ex plus 1.5ex minus 1.5ex}%
+{0.7ex plus .5ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}%
+\fi
+
+% for both journals and conferences
+% decided to put in a little rubber above the section, might help somebody
+\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
+{0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}%
+\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
+{0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\itshape}}%
+
+
+% compsoc
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+% compsoc conference
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}%
+{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}{\normalfont\large\bfseries}}%
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}%
+{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}{\normalfont\sublargesize\bfseries}}%
+\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{1\baselineskip plus 0.25\baselineskip minus 0.25\baselineskip}%
+{0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\bfseries}}%
+\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{2\parindent}{0ex plus 0.1ex minus 0.1ex}%
+{0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize}}%
+\else% compsoc journals
+% use negative top separation as compsoc journals do not indent paragraphs after section titles
+\def\section{\@startsection{section}{1}{\z@}{-3ex plus -2ex minus -1.5ex}%
+{0.7ex plus 1ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\large\sffamily\bfseries\scshape}}%
+% Note that subsection and smaller may not be correct for the Computer Society,
+% I have to look up an example.
+\def\subsection{\@startsection{subsection}{2}{\z@}{-3.5ex plus -1.5ex minus -1.5ex}%
+{0.7ex plus .5ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\sffamily\bfseries}}%
+\def\subsubsection{\@startsection{subsubsection}{3}{\z@}{-2.5ex plus -1ex minus -1ex}%
+{0.5ex plus 0.5ex minus 0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize\sffamily\itshape}}%
+\def\paragraph{\@startsection{paragraph}{4}{2\parindent}{-0ex plus -0.1ex minus -0.1ex}%
+{0ex}{\normalfont\normalsize}}%
+\fi\fi
+
+
+
+
+%% ENVIRONMENTS
+% "box" symbols at end of proofs
+\def\IEEEQEDclosed{\mbox{\rule[0pt]{1.3ex}{1.3ex}}} % for a filled box
+% V1.6 some journals use an open box instead that will just fit around a closed one
+\def\IEEEQEDopen{{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\setlength{\fboxrule}{0.2pt}\fbox{\rule[0pt]{0pt}{1.3ex}\rule[0pt]{1.3ex}{0pt}}}}
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\IEEEQED{\IEEEQEDopen} % default to open for compsoc
+\else
+\def\IEEEQED{\IEEEQEDclosed} % otherwise default to closed
+\fi
+
+% v1.7 name change to avoid namespace collision with amsthm. Also add support
+% for an optional argument.
+\def\IEEEproof{\@ifnextchar[{\@IEEEproof}{\@IEEEproof[\IEEEproofname]}}
+\def\@IEEEproof[#1]{\par\noindent\hspace{2em}{\itshape #1: }}
+\def\endIEEEproof{\hspace*{\fill}~\IEEEQED\par}
+
+
+%\itemindent is set to \z@ by list, so define new temporary variable
+\newdimen\@IEEEtmpitemindent
+\def\@begintheorem#1#2{\@IEEEtmpitemindent\itemindent\topsep 0pt\rmfamily\trivlist%
+ \item[\hskip \labelsep{\indent\itshape #1\ #2:}]\itemindent\@IEEEtmpitemindent}
+\def\@opargbegintheorem#1#2#3{\@IEEEtmpitemindent\itemindent\topsep 0pt\rmfamily \trivlist%
+% V1.6 IEEE is back to using () around theorem names which are also in italics
+% Thanks to Christian Peel for reporting this.
+ \item[\hskip\labelsep{\indent\itshape #1\ #2\ (#3):}]\itemindent\@IEEEtmpitemindent}
+% V1.7 remove bogus \unskip that caused equations in theorems to collide with
+% lines below.
+\def\@endtheorem{\endtrivlist}
+
+% V1.6
+% display command for the section the theorem is in - so that \thesection
+% is not used as this will be in Roman numerals when we want arabic.
+% LaTeX2e uses \def\@thmcounter#1{\noexpand\arabic{#1}} for the theorem number
+% (second part) display and \def\@thmcountersep{.} as a separator.
+% V1.7 intercept calls to the section counter and reroute to \@IEEEthmcounterinsection
+% to allow \appendix(ices} to override as needed.
+%
+% special handler for sections, allows appendix(ices) to override
+\gdef\@IEEEthmcounterinsection#1{\arabic{#1}}
+% string macro
+\edef\@IEEEstringsection{section}
+
+% redefine the #1#2[#3] form of newtheorem to use a hook to \@IEEEthmcounterinsection
+% if section in_counter is used
+\def\@xnthm#1#2[#3]{%
+ \expandafter\@ifdefinable\csname #1\endcsname
+ {\@definecounter{#1}\@newctr{#1}[#3]%
+ \edef\@IEEEstringtmp{#3}
+ \ifx\@IEEEstringtmp\@IEEEstringsection
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{%
+ \noexpand\@IEEEthmcounterinsection{#3}\@thmcountersep
+ \@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \else
+ \expandafter\xdef\csname the#1\endcsname{%
+ \expandafter\noexpand\csname the#3\endcsname \@thmcountersep
+ \@thmcounter{#1}}%
+ \fi
+ \global\@namedef{#1}{\@thm{#1}{#2}}%
+ \global\@namedef{end#1}{\@endtheorem}}}
+
+
+
+%% SET UP THE DEFAULT PAGESTYLE
+\ps@headings
+\pagenumbering{arabic}
+
+% normally the page counter starts at 1
+\setcounter{page}{1}
+% however, for peerreview the cover sheet is page 0 or page -1
+% (for duplex printing)
+\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview
+ \if@twoside
+ \setcounter{page}{-1}
+ \else
+ \setcounter{page}{0}
+ \fi
+\fi
+
+% standard book class behavior - let bottom line float up and down as
+% needed when single sided
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtwoside\else\raggedbottom\fi
+% if two column - turn on twocolumn, allow word spacings to stretch more and
+% enforce a rigid position for the last lines
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtwocolumn
+% the peer review option delays invoking twocolumn
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview\else
+ \twocolumn
+ \fi
+\sloppy
+\flushbottom
+\fi
+
+
+
+
+% \APPENDIX and \APPENDICES definitions
+
+% This is the \@ifmtarg command from the LaTeX ifmtarg package
+% by Peter Wilson (CUA) and Donald Arseneau
+% \@ifmtarg is used to determine if an argument to a command
+% is present or not.
+% For instance:
+% \@ifmtarg{#1}{\typeout{empty}}{\typeout{has something}}
+% \@ifmtarg is used with our redefined \section command if
+% \appendices is invoked.
+% The command \section will behave slightly differently depending
+% on whether the user specifies a title:
+% \section{My appendix title}
+% or not:
+% \section{}
+% This way, we can eliminate the blank lines where the title
+% would be, and the unneeded : after Appendix in the table of
+% contents
+\begingroup
+\catcode`\Q=3
+\long\gdef\@ifmtarg#1{\@xifmtarg#1QQ\@secondoftwo\@firstoftwo\@nil}
+\long\gdef\@xifmtarg#1#2Q#3#4#5\@nil{#4}
+\endgroup
+% end of \@ifmtarg defs
+
+
+% V1.7
+% command that allows the one time saving of the original definition
+% of section to \@IEEEappendixsavesection for \appendix or \appendices
+% we don't save \section here as it may be redefined later by other
+% packages (hyperref.sty, etc.)
+\def\@IEEEsaveoriginalsectiononce{\let\@IEEEappendixsavesection\section
+\let\@IEEEsaveoriginalsectiononce\relax}
+
+% neat trick to grab and process the argument from \section{argument}
+% we process differently if the user invoked \section{} with no
+% argument (title)
+% note we reroute the call to the old \section*
+\def\@IEEEprocessthesectionargument#1{%
+\@ifmtarg{#1}{%
+\@IEEEappendixsavesection*{\appendixname~\thesectiondis}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\appendixname~\thesection}}{%
+\@IEEEappendixsavesection*{\appendixname~\thesectiondis \\* #1}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\appendixname~\thesection: #1}}}
+
+% we use this if the user calls \section{} after
+% \appendix-- which has no meaning. So, we ignore the
+% command and its argument. Then, warn the user.
+\def\@IEEEdestroythesectionargument#1{\typeout{** WARNING: Ignoring useless
+\protect\section\space in Appendix (line \the\inputlineno).}}
+
+
+% remember \thesection forms will be displayed in \ref calls
+% and in the Table of Contents.
+% The \sectiondis form is used in the actual heading itself
+
+% appendix command for one single appendix
+% normally has no heading. However, if you want a
+% heading, you can do so via the optional argument:
+% \appendix[Optional Heading]
+\def\appendix{\relax}
+\renewcommand{\appendix}[1][]{\@IEEEsaveoriginalsectiononce\par
+ % v1.6 keep hyperref's identifiers unique
+ \gdef\theHsection{Appendix.A}%
+ % v1.6 adjust hyperref's string name for the section
+ \xdef\Hy@chapapp{appendix}%
+ \setcounter{section}{0}%
+ \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
+ \setcounter{subsubsection}{0}%
+ \setcounter{paragraph}{0}%
+ \gdef\thesection{A}%
+ \gdef\thesectiondis{}%
+ \gdef\thesubsection{\Alph{subsection}}%
+ \gdef\@IEEEthmcounterinsection##1{A}
+ \refstepcounter{section}% update the \ref counter
+ \@ifmtarg{#1}{\@IEEEappendixsavesection*{\appendixname}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\appendixname}}{%
+ \@IEEEappendixsavesection*{\appendixname~\\* #1}%
+ \addcontentsline{toc}{section}{\appendixname: #1}}%
+ % redefine \section command for appendix
+ % leave \section* as is
+ \def\section{\@ifstar{\@IEEEappendixsavesection*}{%
+ \@IEEEdestroythesectionargument}}% throw out the argument
+ % of the normal form
+}
+
+
+
+% appendices command for multiple appendices
+% user then calls \section with an argument (possibly empty) to
+% declare the individual appendices
+\def\appendices{\@IEEEsaveoriginalsectiononce\par
+ % v1.6 keep hyperref's identifiers unique
+ \gdef\theHsection{Appendix.\Alph{section}}%
+ % v1.6 adjust hyperref's string name for the section
+ \xdef\Hy@chapapp{appendix}%
+ \setcounter{section}{-1}% we want \refstepcounter to use section 0
+ \setcounter{subsection}{0}%
+ \setcounter{subsubsection}{0}%
+ \setcounter{paragraph}{0}%
+ \ifCLASSOPTIONromanappendices%
+ \gdef\thesection{\Roman{section}}%
+ \gdef\thesectiondis{\Roman{section}}%
+ \@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\gdef\thesectiondis{\Roman{section}.}}%
+ \gdef\@IEEEthmcounterinsection##1{A\arabic{##1}}
+ \else%
+ \gdef\thesection{\Alph{section}}%
+ \gdef\thesectiondis{\Alph{section}}%
+ \@IEEEcompsocconfonly{\gdef\thesectiondis{\Alph{section}.}}%
+ \gdef\@IEEEthmcounterinsection##1{\Alph{##1}}
+ \fi%
+ \refstepcounter{section}% update the \ref counter
+ \setcounter{section}{0}% NEXT \section will be the FIRST appendix
+ % redefine \section command for appendices
+ % leave \section* as is
+ \def\section{\@ifstar{\@IEEEappendixsavesection*}{% process the *-form
+ \refstepcounter{section}% or is a new section so,
+ \@IEEEprocessthesectionargument}}% process the argument
+ % of the normal form
+}
+
+
+
+% \IEEEPARstart
+% Definition for the big two line drop cap letter at the beginning of the
+% first paragraph of journal papers. The first argument is the first letter
+% of the first word, the second argument is the remaining letters of the
+% first word which will be rendered in upper case.
+% In V1.6 this has been completely rewritten to:
+%
+% 1. no longer have problems when the user begins an environment
+% within the paragraph that uses \IEEEPARstart.
+% 2. auto-detect and use the current font family
+% 3. revise handling of the space at the end of the first word so that
+% interword glue will now work as normal.
+% 4. produce correctly aligned edges for the (two) indented lines.
+%
+% We generalize things via control macros - playing with these is fun too.
+%
+% V1.7 added more control macros to make it easy for IEEEtrantools.sty users
+% to change the font style.
+%
+% the number of lines that are indented to clear it
+% may need to increase if using decenders
+\def\@IEEEPARstartDROPLINES{2}
+% minimum number of lines left on a page to allow a \@IEEEPARstart
+% Does not take into consideration rubber shrink, so it tends to
+% be overly cautious
+\def\@IEEEPARstartMINPAGELINES{2}
+% V1.7 the height of the drop cap is adjusted to match the height of this text
+% in the current font (when \IEEEPARstart is called).
+\def\@IEEEPARstartHEIGHTTEXT{T}
+% the depth the letter is lowered below the baseline
+% the height (and size) of the letter is determined by the sum
+% of this value and the height of the \@IEEEPARstartHEIGHTTEXT in the current
+% font. It is a good idea to set this value in terms of the baselineskip
+% so that it can respond to changes therein.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartDROPDEPTH{1.1\baselineskip}
+% V1.7 the font the drop cap will be rendered in,
+% can take zero or one argument.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartFONTSTYLE{\bfseries}
+% V1.7 any additional, non-font related commands needed to modify
+% the drop cap letter, can take zero or one argument.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartCAPSTYLE{\MakeUppercase}
+% V1.7 the font that will be used to render the rest of the word,
+% can take zero or one argument.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartWORDFONTSTYLE{\relax}
+% V1.7 any additional, non-font related commands needed to modify
+% the rest of the word, can take zero or one argument.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartWORDCAPSTYLE{\MakeUppercase}
+% This is the horizontal separation distance from the drop letter to the main text.
+% Lengths that depend on the font (e.g., ex, em, etc.) will be referenced
+% to the font that is active when \IEEEPARstart is called.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartSEP{0.15em}
+% V1.7 horizontal offset applied to the left of the drop cap.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartHOFFSET{0em}
+% V1.7 Italic correction command applied at the end of the drop cap.
+\def\@IEEEPARstartITLCORRECT{\/}
+
+% V1.7 compoc uses nonbold drop cap and small caps word style
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\@IEEEPARstartFONTSTYLE{\mdseries}
+\def\@IEEEPARstartWORDFONTSTYLE{\scshape}
+\def\@IEEEPARstartWORDCAPSTYLE{\relax}
+\fi
+
+% definition of \IEEEPARstart
+% THIS IS A CONTROLLED SPACING AREA, DO NOT ALLOW SPACES WITHIN THESE LINES
+%
+% The token \@IEEEPARstartfont will be globally defined after the first use
+% of \IEEEPARstart and will be a font command which creates the big letter
+% The first argument is the first letter of the first word and the second
+% argument is the rest of the first word(s).
+\def\IEEEPARstart#1#2{\par{%
+% if this page does not have enough space, break it and lets start
+% on a new one
+\@IEEEtranneedspace{\@IEEEPARstartMINPAGELINES\baselineskip}{\relax}%
+% V1.7 move this up here in case user uses \textbf for \@IEEEPARstartFONTSTYLE
+% which uses command \leavevmode which causes an unwanted \indent to be issued
+\noindent
+% calculate the desired height of the big letter
+% it extends from the top of \@IEEEPARstartHEIGHTTEXT in the current font
+% down to \@IEEEPARstartDROPDEPTH below the current baseline
+\settoheight{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{\@IEEEPARstartHEIGHTTEXT}%
+\addtolength{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{\@IEEEPARstartDROPDEPTH}%
+% extract the name of the current font in bold
+% and place it in \@IEEEPARstartFONTNAME
+\def\@IEEEPARstartGETFIRSTWORD##1 ##2\relax{##1}%
+{\@IEEEPARstartFONTSTYLE{\selectfont\edef\@IEEEPARstartFONTNAMESPACE{\fontname\font\space}%
+\xdef\@IEEEPARstartFONTNAME{\expandafter\@IEEEPARstartGETFIRSTWORD\@IEEEPARstartFONTNAMESPACE\relax}}}%
+% define a font based on this name with a point size equal to the desired
+% height of the drop letter
+\font\@IEEEPARstartsubfont\@IEEEPARstartFONTNAME\space at \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA\relax%
+% save this value as a counter (integer) value (sp points)
+\@IEEEtrantmpcountA=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA%
+% now get the height of the actual letter produced by this font size
+\settoheight{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}{\@IEEEPARstartsubfont\@IEEEPARstartCAPSTYLE{#1}}%
+% If something bogus happens like the first argument is empty or the
+% current font is strange, do not allow a zero height.
+\ifdim\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB=0pt\relax%
+\typeout{** WARNING: IEEEPARstart drop letter has zero height! (line \the\inputlineno)}%
+\typeout{ Forcing the drop letter font size to 10pt.}%
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB=10pt%
+\fi%
+% and store it as a counter
+\@IEEEtrantmpcountB=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB%
+% Since a font size doesn't exactly correspond to the height of the capital
+% letters in that font, the actual height of the letter, \@IEEEtrantmpcountB,
+% will be less than that desired, \@IEEEtrantmpcountA
+% we need to raise the font size, \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA
+% by \@IEEEtrantmpcountA / \@IEEEtrantmpcountB
+% But, TeX doesn't have floating point division, so we have to use integer
+% division. Hence the use of the counters.
+% We need to reduce the denominator so that the loss of the remainder will
+% have minimal affect on the accuracy of the result
+\divide\@IEEEtrantmpcountB by 200%
+\divide\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by \@IEEEtrantmpcountB%
+% Then reequalize things when we use TeX's ability to multiply by
+% floating point values
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB=0.005\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA%
+\multiply\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB by \@IEEEtrantmpcountA%
+% \@IEEEPARstartfont is globaly set to the calculated font of the big letter
+% We need to carry this out of the local calculation area to to create the
+% big letter.
+\global\font\@IEEEPARstartfont\@IEEEPARstartFONTNAME\space at \@IEEEtrantmpdimenB%
+% Now set \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA to the width of the big letter
+% We need to carry this out of the local calculation area to set the
+% hanging indent
+\settowidth{\global\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{\@IEEEPARstartfont
+\@IEEEPARstartCAPSTYLE{#1\@IEEEPARstartITLCORRECT}}}%
+% end of the isolated calculation environment
+% add in the extra clearance we want
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA by \@IEEEPARstartSEP\relax%
+% add in the optional offset
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA by \@IEEEPARstartHOFFSET\relax%
+% V1.7 don't allow negative offsets to produce negative hanging indents
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA
+\ifnum\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB < 0 \@IEEEtrantmpdimenB 0pt\fi
+% \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA has the width of the big letter plus the
+% separation space and \@IEEEPARstartfont is the font we need to use
+% Now, we make the letter and issue the hanging indent command
+% The letter is placed in a box of zero width and height so that other
+% text won't be displaced by it.
+\hangindent\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB\hangafter=-\@IEEEPARstartDROPLINES%
+\makebox[0pt][l]{\hspace{-\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}%
+\raisebox{-\@IEEEPARstartDROPDEPTH}[0pt][0pt]{\hspace{\@IEEEPARstartHOFFSET}%
+\@IEEEPARstartfont\@IEEEPARstartCAPSTYLE{#1\@IEEEPARstartITLCORRECT}%
+\hspace{\@IEEEPARstartSEP}}}%
+{\@IEEEPARstartWORDFONTSTYLE{\@IEEEPARstartWORDCAPSTYLE{\selectfont#2}}}}
+
+
+
+
+
+
+% determines if the space remaining on a given page is equal to or greater
+% than the specified space of argument one
+% if not, execute argument two (only if the remaining space is greater than zero)
+% and issue a \newpage
+%
+% example: \@IEEEtranneedspace{2in}{\vfill}
+%
+% Does not take into consideration rubber shrinkage, so it tends to
+% be overly cautious
+% Based on an example posted by Donald Arseneau
+% Note this macro uses \@IEEEtrantmpdimenB internally for calculations,
+% so DO NOT PASS \@IEEEtrantmpdimenB to this routine
+% if you need a dimen register, import with \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA instead
+\def\@IEEEtranneedspace#1#2{\penalty-100\begingroup%shield temp variable
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB\pagegoal\advance\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB-\pagetotal% space left
+\ifdim #1>\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB\relax% not enough space left
+\ifdim\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB>\z@\relax #2\fi%
+\newpage%
+\fi\endgroup}
+
+
+
+% IEEEbiography ENVIRONMENT
+% Allows user to enter biography leaving place for picture (adapts to font size)
+% As of V1.5, a new optional argument allows you to have a real graphic!
+% V1.5 and later also fixes the "colliding biographies" which could happen when a
+% biography's text was shorter than the space for the photo.
+% MDS 7/2001
+% V1.6 prevent multiple biographies from making multiple TOC entries
+\newif\if@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmade
+\global\@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmadetrue
+
+% biography counter so hyperref can jump directly to the biographies
+% and not just the previous section
+\newcounter{IEEEbiography}
+\setcounter{IEEEbiography}{0}
+
+% photo area size
+\def\@IEEEBIOphotowidth{1.0in} % width of the biography photo area
+\def\@IEEEBIOphotodepth{1.25in} % depth (height) of the biography photo area
+% area cleared for photo
+\def\@IEEEBIOhangwidth{1.14in} % width cleared for the biography photo area
+\def\@IEEEBIOhangdepth{1.25in} % depth cleared for the biography photo area
+ % actual depth will be a multiple of
+ % \baselineskip, rounded up
+\def\@IEEEBIOskipN{4\baselineskip}% nominal value of the vskip above the biography
+
+\newenvironment{IEEEbiography}[2][]{\normalfont\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\footnotesize%
+\unitlength 1in\parskip=0pt\par\parindent 1em\interlinepenalty500%
+% we need enough space to support the hanging indent
+% the nominal value of the spacer
+% and one extra line for good measure
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=\@IEEEBIOhangdepth%
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA by \@IEEEBIOskipN%
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA by 1\baselineskip%
+% if this page does not have enough space, break it and lets start
+% with a new one
+\@IEEEtranneedspace{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{\relax}%
+% nominal spacer can strech, not shrink use 1fil so user can out stretch with \vfill
+\vskip \@IEEEBIOskipN plus 1fil minus 0\baselineskip%
+% the default box for where the photo goes
+\def\@IEEEtempbiographybox{{\setlength{\fboxsep}{0pt}\framebox{%
+\begin{minipage}[b][\@IEEEBIOphotodepth][c]{\@IEEEBIOphotowidth}\centering PLACE\\ PHOTO\\ HERE \end{minipage}}}}%
+%
+% detect if the optional argument was supplied, this requires the
+% \@ifmtarg command as defined in the appendix section above
+% and if so, override the default box with what they want
+\@ifmtarg{#1}{\relax}{\def\@IEEEtempbiographybox{\mbox{\begin{minipage}[b][\@IEEEBIOphotodepth][c]{\@IEEEBIOphotowidth}%
+\centering%
+#1%
+\end{minipage}}}}% end if optional argument supplied
+% Make an entry into the table of contents only if we have not done so before
+\if@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmade%
+% link labels to the biography counter so hyperref will jump
+% to the biography, not the previous section
+\setcounter{IEEEbiography}{-1}%
+\refstepcounter{IEEEbiography}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Biographies}%
+\global\@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmadefalse%
+\fi%
+% one more biography
+\refstepcounter{IEEEbiography}%
+% Make an entry for this name into the table of contents
+\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{#2}%
+% V1.6 properly handle if a new paragraph should occur while the
+% hanging indent is still active. Do this by redefining \par so
+% that it will not start a new paragraph. (But it will appear to the
+% user as if it did.) Also, strip any leading pars, newlines, or spaces.
+\let\@IEEEBIOORGparCMD=\par% save the original \par command
+\edef\par{\hfil\break\indent}% the new \par will not be a "real" \par
+\settoheight{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}{\@IEEEtempbiographybox}% get height of biography box
+\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB=\@IEEEBIOhangdepth%
+\@IEEEtrantmpcountA=\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB% countA has the hang depth
+\divide\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by \baselineskip% calculates lines needed to produce the hang depth
+\advance\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by 1% ensure we overestimate
+% set the hanging indent
+\hangindent\@IEEEBIOhangwidth%
+\hangafter-\@IEEEtrantmpcountA%
+% reference the top of the photo area to the top of a capital T
+\settoheight{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}{\mbox{T}}%
+% set the photo box, give it zero width and height so as not to disturb anything
+\noindent\makebox[0pt][l]{\hspace{-\@IEEEBIOhangwidth}\raisebox{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenB}[0pt][0pt]{%
+\raisebox{-\@IEEEBIOphotodepth}[0pt][0pt]{\@IEEEtempbiographybox}}}%
+% now place the author name and begin the bio text
+\noindent\textbf{#2\ }\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}{\relax\let\par=\@IEEEBIOORGparCMD\par%
+% 7/2001 V1.5 detect when the biography text is shorter than the photo area
+% and pad the unused area - preventing a collision from the next biography entry
+% MDS
+\ifnum \prevgraf <\@IEEEtrantmpcountA\relax% detect when the biography text is shorter than the photo
+ \advance\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by -\prevgraf% calculate how many lines we need to pad
+ \advance\@IEEEtrantmpcountA by -1\relax% we compensate for the fact that we indented an extra line
+ \@IEEEtrantmpdimenA=\baselineskip% calculate the length of the padding
+ \multiply\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA by \@IEEEtrantmpcountA%
+ \noindent\rule{0pt}{\@IEEEtrantmpdimenA}% insert an invisible support strut
+\fi%
+\par\normalfont}
+
+
+
+% V1.6
+% added biography without a photo environment
+\newenvironment{IEEEbiographynophoto}[1]{%
+% Make an entry into the table of contents only if we have not done so before
+\if@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmade%
+% link labels to the biography counter so hyperref will jump
+% to the biography, not the previous section
+\setcounter{IEEEbiography}{-1}%
+\refstepcounter{IEEEbiography}%
+\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Biographies}%
+\global\@IEEEbiographyTOCentrynotmadefalse%
+\fi%
+% one more biography
+\refstepcounter{IEEEbiography}%
+% Make an entry for this name into the table of contents
+\addcontentsline{toc}{subsection}{#1}%
+\normalfont\@IEEEcompsoconly{\sffamily}\footnotesize\interlinepenalty500%
+\vskip 4\baselineskip plus 1fil minus 0\baselineskip%
+\parskip=0pt\par%
+\noindent\textbf{#1\ }\@IEEEgobbleleadPARNLSP}{\relax\par\normalfont}
+
+
+% provide the user with some old font commands
+% got this from article.cls
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\rm}{\normalfont\rmfamily}{\mathrm}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sf}{\normalfont\sffamily}{\mathsf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\tt}{\normalfont\ttfamily}{\mathtt}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\bf}{\normalfont\bfseries}{\mathbf}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\it}{\normalfont\itshape}{\mathit}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sl}{\normalfont\slshape}{\@nomath\sl}
+\DeclareOldFontCommand{\sc}{\normalfont\scshape}{\@nomath\sc}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*\cal{\@fontswitch\relax\mathcal}
+\DeclareRobustCommand*\mit{\@fontswitch\relax\mathnormal}
+
+
+% SPECIAL PAPER NOTICE COMMANDS
+%
+% holds the special notice text
+\def\@IEEEspecialpapernotice{\relax}
+
+% for special papers, like invited papers, the user can do:
+% \IEEEspecialpapernotice{(Invited Paper)} before \maketitle
+\def\IEEEspecialpapernotice#1{\ifCLASSOPTIONconference%
+\def\@IEEEspecialpapernotice{{\sublargesize\textit{#1}\vspace*{1em}}}%
+\else%
+\def\@IEEEspecialpapernotice{{\\*[1.5ex]\sublargesize\textit{#1}}\vspace*{-2ex}}%
+\fi}
+
+
+
+
+% PUBLISHER ID COMMANDS
+% to insert a publisher's ID footer
+% V1.6 \IEEEpubid has been changed so that the change in page size and style
+% occurs in \maketitle. \IEEEpubid must now be issued prior to \maketitle
+% use \IEEEpubidadjcol as before - in the second column of the title page
+% These changes allow \maketitle to take the reduced page height into
+% consideration when dynamically setting the space between the author
+% names and the maintext.
+%
+% the amount the main text is pulled up to make room for the
+% publisher's ID footer
+% IEEE uses about 1.3\baselineskip for journals,
+% dynamic title spacing will clean up the fraction
+\def\@IEEEpubidpullup{1.3\baselineskip}
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote
+% for technotes it must be an integer of baselineskip as there can be no
+% dynamic title spacing for two column mode technotes (the title is in the
+% in first column) and we should maintain an integer number of lines in the
+% second column
+% There are some examples (such as older issues of "Transactions on
+% Information Theory") in which IEEE really pulls the text off the ID for
+% technotes - about 0.55in (or 4\baselineskip). We'll use 2\baselineskip
+% and call it even.
+\def\@IEEEpubidpullup{2\baselineskip}
+\fi
+
+% V1.7 compsoc does not use a pullup
+\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc
+\def\@IEEEpubidpullup{0pt}
+\fi
+
+% holds the ID text
+\def\@IEEEpubid{\relax}
+
+% flag so \maketitle can tell if \IEEEpubid was called
+\newif\if@IEEEusingpubid
+\global\@IEEEusingpubidfalse
+% issue this command in the page to have the ID at the bottom
+% V1.6 use before \maketitle
+\def\IEEEpubid#1{\def\@IEEEpubid{#1}\global\@IEEEusingpubidtrue}
+
+
+% command which will pull up (shorten) the column it is executed in
+% to make room for the publisher ID. Place in the second column of
+% the title page when using \IEEEpubid
+% Is smart enough not to do anything when in single column text or
+% if the user hasn't called \IEEEpubid
+% currently needed in for the second column of a page with the
+% publisher ID. If not needed in future releases, please provide this
+% command and define it as \relax for backward compatibility
+% v1.6b do not allow command to operate if the peer review option has been
+% selected because \IEEEpubidadjcol will not be on the cover page.
+% V1.7 do nothing if compsoc
+\def\IEEEpubidadjcol{\ifCLASSOPTIONcompsoc\else\ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview\else
+\if@twocolumn\if@IEEEusingpubid\enlargethispage{-\@IEEEpubidpullup}\fi\fi\fi\fi}
+
+% Special thanks to Peter Wilson, Daniel Luecking, and the other
+% gurus at comp.text.tex, for helping me to understand how best to
+% implement the IEEEpubid command in LaTeX.
+
+
+
+%% Lockout some commands under various conditions
+
+% general purpose bit bucket
+\newsavebox{\@IEEEtranrubishbin}
+
+% flags to prevent multiple warning messages
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNthanks
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstart
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEbiography
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographynophoto
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEpubid
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidadjcol
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEmembership
+\newif\if@IEEEWARNIEEEaftertitletext
+\@IEEEWARNthankstrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstarttrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographytrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographynophototrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidtrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidadjcoltrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEmembershiptrue
+\@IEEEWARNIEEEaftertitletexttrue
+
+
+%% Lockout some commands when in various modes, but allow them to be restored if needed
+%%
+% save commands which might be locked out
+% so that the user can later restore them if needed
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDthanks\thanks
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEPARstart\IEEEPARstart
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEbiography\IEEEbiography
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDendIEEEbiography\endIEEEbiography
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEbiographynophoto\IEEEbiographynophoto
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDendIEEEbiographynophoto\endIEEEbiographynophoto
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEpubid\IEEEpubid
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEpubidadjcol\IEEEpubidadjcol
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEmembership\IEEEmembership
+\let\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEaftertitletext\IEEEaftertitletext
+
+
+% disable \IEEEPARstart when in draft mode
+% This may have originally been done because the pre-V1.6 drop letter
+% algorithm had problems with a non-unity baselinestretch
+% At any rate, it seems too formal to have a drop letter in a draft
+% paper.
+\ifCLASSOPTIONdraftcls
+\def\IEEEPARstart#1#2{#1#2\if@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstart\typeout{** ATTENTION: \noexpand\IEEEPARstart
+ is disabled in draft mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstartfalse}
+\fi
+% and for technotes
+\ifCLASSOPTIONtechnote
+\def\IEEEPARstart#1#2{#1#2\if@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstart\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEPARstart
+ is locked out for technotes (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstartfalse}
+\fi
+
+
+% lockout unneeded commands when in conference mode
+\ifCLASSOPTIONconference
+% when locked out, \thanks, \IEEEbiography, \IEEEbiographynophoto, \IEEEpubid,
+% \IEEEmembership and \IEEEaftertitletext will all swallow their given text.
+% \IEEEPARstart will output a normal character instead
+% warn the user about these commands only once to prevent the console screen
+% from filling up with redundant messages
+\def\thanks#1{\if@IEEEWARNthanks\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\thanks
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNthanksfalse}
+\def\IEEEPARstart#1#2{#1#2\if@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstart\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEPARstart
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEPARstartfalse}
+
+
+% LaTeX treats environments and commands with optional arguments differently.
+% the actual ("internal") command is stored as \\commandname
+% (accessed via \csname\string\commandname\endcsname )
+% the "external" command \commandname is a macro with code to determine
+% whether or not the optional argument is presented and to provide the
+% default if it is absent. So, in order to save and restore such a command
+% we would have to save and restore \\commandname as well. But, if LaTeX
+% ever changes the way it names the internal names, the trick would break.
+% Instead let us just define a new environment so that the internal
+% name can be left undisturbed.
+\newenvironment{@IEEEbogusbiography}[2][]{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEbiography\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEbiography
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographyfalse%
+\setbox\@IEEEtranrubishbin\vbox\bgroup}{\egroup\relax}
+% and make biography point to our bogus biography
+\let\IEEEbiography=\@IEEEbogusbiography
+\let\endIEEEbiography=\end@IEEEbogusbiography
+
+\renewenvironment{IEEEbiographynophoto}[1]{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographynophoto\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEbiographynophoto
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEbiographynophotofalse%
+\setbox\@IEEEtranrubishbin\vbox\bgroup}{\egroup\relax}
+
+\def\IEEEpubid#1{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEpubid\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEpubid
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidfalse}
+\def\IEEEpubidadjcol{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidadjcol\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEpubidadjcol
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEpubidadjcolfalse}
+\def\IEEEmembership#1{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEmembership\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEmembership
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEmembershipfalse}
+\def\IEEEaftertitletext#1{\if@IEEEWARNIEEEaftertitletext\typeout{** WARNING: \noexpand\IEEEaftertitletext
+ is locked out when in conference mode (line \the\inputlineno).}\fi\global\@IEEEWARNIEEEaftertitletextfalse}
+\fi
+
+
+% provide a way to restore the commands that are locked out
+\def\IEEEoverridecommandlockouts{%
+\typeout{** ATTENTION: Overriding command lockouts (line \the\inputlineno).}%
+\let\thanks\@IEEESAVECMDthanks%
+\let\IEEEPARstart\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEPARstart%
+\let\IEEEbiography\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEbiography%
+\let\endIEEEbiography\@IEEESAVECMDendIEEEbiography%
+\let\IEEEbiographynophoto\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEbiographynophoto%
+\let\endIEEEbiographynophoto\@IEEESAVECMDendIEEEbiographynophoto%
+\let\IEEEpubid\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEpubid%
+\let\IEEEpubidadjcol\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEpubidadjcol%
+\let\IEEEmembership\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEmembership%
+\let\IEEEaftertitletext\@IEEESAVECMDIEEEaftertitletext}
+
+
+
+% need a backslash character for typeout output
+{\catcode`\|=0 \catcode`\\=12
+|xdef|@IEEEbackslash{\}}
+
+
+% hook to allow easy disabling of all legacy warnings
+\def\@IEEElegacywarn#1#2{\typeout{** ATTENTION: \@IEEEbackslash #1 is deprecated (line \the\inputlineno).
+Use \@IEEEbackslash #2 instead.}}
+
+
+% provide for legacy commands
+\def\authorblockA{\@IEEElegacywarn{authorblockA}{IEEEauthorblockA}\IEEEauthorblockA}
+\def\authorblockN{\@IEEElegacywarn{authorblockN}{IEEEauthorblockN}\IEEEauthorblockN}
+\def\authorrefmark{\@IEEElegacywarn{authorrefmark}{IEEEauthorrefmark}\IEEEauthorrefmark}
+\def\PARstart{\@IEEElegacywarn{PARstart}{IEEEPARstart}\IEEEPARstart}
+\def\pubid{\@IEEElegacywarn{pubid}{IEEEpubid}\IEEEpubid}
+\def\pubidadjcol{\@IEEElegacywarn{pubidadjcol}{IEEEpubidadjcol}\IEEEpubidadjcol}
+\def\QED{\@IEEElegacywarn{QED}{IEEEQED}\IEEEQED}
+\def\QEDclosed{\@IEEElegacywarn{QEDclosed}{IEEEQEDclosed}\IEEEQEDclosed}
+\def\QEDopen{\@IEEElegacywarn{QEDopen}{IEEEQEDopen}\IEEEQEDopen}
+\def\specialpapernotice{\@IEEElegacywarn{specialpapernotice}{IEEEspecialpapernotice}\IEEEspecialpapernotice}
+
+
+
+% provide for legacy environments
+\def\biography{\@IEEElegacywarn{biography}{IEEEbiography}\IEEEbiography}
+\def\biographynophoto{\@IEEElegacywarn{biographynophoto}{IEEEbiographynophoto}\IEEEbiographynophoto}
+\def\keywords{\@IEEElegacywarn{keywords}{IEEEkeywords}\IEEEkeywords}
+\def\endbiography{\endIEEEbiography}
+\def\endbiographynophoto{\endIEEEbiographynophoto}
+\def\endkeywords{\endIEEEkeywords}
+
+
+% provide for legacy IED commands/lengths when possible
+\let\labelindent\IEEElabelindent
+\def\calcleftmargin{\@IEEElegacywarn{calcleftmargin}{IEEEcalcleftmargin}\IEEEcalcleftmargin}
+\def\setlabelwidth{\@IEEElegacywarn{setlabelwidth}{IEEEsetlabelwidth}\IEEEsetlabelwidth}
+\def\usemathlabelsep{\@IEEElegacywarn{usemathlabelsep}{IEEEusemathlabelsep}\IEEEusemathlabelsep}
+\def\iedlabeljustifyc{\@IEEElegacywarn{iedlabeljustifyc}{IEEEiedlabeljustifyc}\IEEEiedlabeljustifyc}
+\def\iedlabeljustifyl{\@IEEElegacywarn{iedlabeljustifyl}{IEEEiedlabeljustifyl}\IEEEiedlabeljustifyl}
+\def\iedlabeljustifyr{\@IEEElegacywarn{iedlabeljustifyr}{IEEEiedlabeljustifyr}\IEEEiedlabeljustifyr}
+
+
+
+% let \proof use the IEEEtran version even after amsthm is loaded
+% \proof is now deprecated in favor of \IEEEproof
+\AtBeginDocument{\def\proof{\@IEEElegacywarn{proof}{IEEEproof}\IEEEproof}\def\endproof{\endIEEEproof}}
+
+% V1.7 \overrideIEEEmargins is no longer supported.
+\def\overrideIEEEmargins{%
+\typeout{** WARNING: \string\overrideIEEEmargins \space no longer supported (line \the\inputlineno).}%
+\typeout{** Use the \string\CLASSINPUTinnersidemargin, \string\CLASSINPUToutersidemargin \space controls instead.}}
+
+
+\endinput
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% End of IEEEtran.cls %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+% That's all folks!
+
diff --git a/branches/candidate/Main.aux b/branches/candidate/Main.aux
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f85080c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/branches/candidate/Main.aux
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+\relax
+\abx@aux@refcontext{none/global//global/global}
+\abx@aux@cite{Middleton2015}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Middleton2015}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Middleton2015}
+\abx@aux@cite{studenski2011}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{studenski2011}
+\abx@aux@cite{Studenski03}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Studenski03}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{studenski2011}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Studenski03}
+\abx@aux@cite{pulignano2016}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{pulignano2016}
+\abx@aux@cite{Konthoraxjnl2015}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Konthoraxjnl2015}
+\abx@aux@cite{kutner2015}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{kutner2015}
+\abx@aux@cite{profile2015}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{profile2015}
+\abx@aux@cite{Peters2013}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Peters2013}
+\@writefile{toc}{\boolfalse {citerequest}\boolfalse {citetracker}\boolfalse {pagetracker}\boolfalse {backtracker}\relax }
+\@writefile{lof}{\boolfalse {citerequest}\boolfalse {citetracker}\boolfalse {pagetracker}\boolfalse {backtracker}\relax }
+\@writefile{lot}{\boolfalse {citerequest}\boolfalse {citetracker}\boolfalse {pagetracker}\boolfalse {backtracker}\relax }
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {I}Introduction}{1}}
+\newlabel{sec:introduction}{{I}{1}}
+\abx@aux@cite{Shih17b}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Shih17b}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces Gait Velocity Measurement at Smart Homes}}{3}}
+\newlabel{fig:gaitVelocitySmartHome}{{1}{3}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {II}Background and Related Works}{4}}
+\newlabel{sec:bk_related}{{II}{4}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-A}}Panasonic Grid-EYE Thermal Sensor}{4}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Walking under a Grid-EYE sensor}}{4}}
+\newlabel{fig:GridEye}{{2}{4}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {3}{\ignorespaces Output Data from Grid-EYE}}{5}}
+\newlabel{fig:GridEyeData}{{3}{5}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-B}}FLIR ONE PRO}{5}}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Shih17b}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{Shih17b}
+\abx@aux@cite{guo2011simple}
+\abx@aux@segm{0}{0}{guo2011simple}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-C}}Raspberry Pi 3}{6}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-D}}Simple Data Compressing}{6}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-D}1}Huffman Coding}{6}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-D}2}Z-score Threshold}{6}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {II-D}3}Gaussian Function Fitting}{7}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {III}Data Size Decision Framework}{7}}
+\newlabel{sec:design}{{III}{7}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {III-A}}Region Represent Grammar}{7}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {4}{\ignorespaces System Architecture}}{8}}
+\newlabel{fig:SystemArchitecture}{{4}{8}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {III-B}}Data Structure and Region Selection Algorithm}{8}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {5}{\ignorespaces PNG image, size = 46KB}}{9}}
+\newlabel{fig:pngImage}{{5}{9}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {6}{\ignorespaces Region divided by our method}}{9}}
+\newlabel{fig:SeparateImage}{{6}{9}}
+\@writefile{loa}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{loa}{\contentsline {algorithm}{\numberline {1}{\ignorespaces Segment Tree Preprocess}}{10}}
+\newlabel{code:SegmentTreePreprocess}{{1}{10}}
+\@writefile{loa}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{loa}{\contentsline {algorithm}{\numberline {2}{\ignorespaces Dividing regions depends on compressed data size}}{10}}
+\newlabel{code:RegionSpecifiedSize}{{2}{10}}
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+\newlabel{sec:eval}{{IV}{11}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {IV-}1}Date Structure Initialize}{11}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {\unhbox \voidb@x \hbox {IV-}2}Thermal Data Loading}{11}}
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+\newlabel{sec:conclusion}{{V}{12}}
+\@writefile{toc}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {section}{\numberline {V}Conclusion}{12}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {9}{\ignorespaces Proposed method and JPEG comparing}}{13}}
+\newlabel{fig:compareToJpeg}{{9}{13}}
+\@writefile{lof}{\defcounter {refsection}{0}\relax }\@writefile{lof}{\contentsline {figure}{\numberline {10}{\ignorespaces Computation Time of Regions Dividing}}{13}}
+\newlabel{fig:computeTime}{{10}{13}}
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